Qualitative values

The model dealt with here is greatly oversimplified, and is only of qualitative value. It treats solvation on the ammonium ions in terms of a single layer (or shell) of solvent, and ignores solvation of neutral ammonia and trimethylamine. 

Step 2. The qualitative value of the desired change is propagated through the steady-state model equations of the plant equipment, following the constraint propagation procedure of Steele (1980). Manipulations that cause the desired change and that are feasible are identified as White Knights and are constrained to lie before the situation of interest s, in accordance with the truth criterion. 

The nature of the performance metric, y, is determined by the characteristics of the specific process under analysis. Since we are particularly interested in analyzing situations where y is related to product or process quality, it is quite common to find systems where a categorical variable y is chosen to classify and evaluate their performance. This may happen due to the intrinsic nature of y (e.g., it can only be measured and assume qualitative values, such as good, high, and low ), or because y is derived from a quantization of the values of a surrogate continuous measure of performance (e.g., y = good if some characteristic z of the product has value within the range of its specifications, and y= bad, otherwise). 

From the definition of the maximal episode we conclude that the maximal episodes occur between adjacent time points, at which xU), x O) or/and x tt) change qualitative value. We will call these points distinguished time points, and from now on we will employ the following definition of a trend ... 

Their use in homogeneous catalysis has nowadays a mostly qualitatively value, being replaced by the more accurate generalized gradient approximation (GGA), wich will be discussed in the next section. 

The word control is used here in the sense of exercising restraint or direction over a factor - that is, the experimental setting of a factor to a certain quantitative or qualitative value. 

By taking the simulated values for D and as well as N — 6.75 x 10 and b = 1.74 A, consistent with the size of the simulation box and the number of water molecules, the average NMR relaxation time can be estimated. T, is predicted to be 6.39 s, an overestimate of the experimental value of 3.3 s. Although the value is overestimated, in the long term the interest in T, is going to be chiefly in how it varies from system to system, giving qualitative values as opposed to quantitative ones. 

A calculation of the dipolar contribution to the magnetic anisotropy suggested that the diamagnetic substitution method was at least of qualitative value but probably cannot be trusted to provide quantitative values in highly anisotropic systems. 

Apart from the European Union quality criteria, uncertainty factors may be used for defining the reliability of a qualitative method. The European Union criteria lay down standards that have to be fulfilled only in the detection step of the method (18). However, every method is a combination of many analytical steps, including sample extraction, sample cleanup, and detection. Uncertainty factors simply represent qualitative values for the remaining uncertainty after use of a well-defined analytical method (25). 

Because the structure of a cake is highly dependent on operating conditions and its history, the Kozeny equation is only of qualitative value to filtration theory by giving directional effects. 

Literature data is almost entirely for small equipment whose capacity and efficiency cannot be scaled up to commercial sizes, although it is of qualitative value. Extraction processes are sensitive because they operate with small density differences that are sensitive to temperature and the amount of solute transfer. They also are affected by interfacial tensions, the large changes in phase flow rates that commonly occur, and even by the direction of mass transfer. For comparison, none of these factors is of major significance in vapor-liquid contacting. 

The influence of fluorine substitution on the torsional potential of 1,2-dithioglyoxal has been examined by Toro-Labbd140. However, this study has been carried out at a minimal basis set level, which yields quite poor molecular geometries. This implies that the trends shown for the torsional potentials are only of a qualitative value. The work of Cimiraglia and coworkers141 on variation-perturbation CIPSI calculations of the first excited states of 1,2-dithiete and 1,2-dithiin permits one to rationalize the main features of their electronic absorption spectra. 

In the secondary distribution of the elements in the Upper Mantle and Crust, Goldschmidt believed that during the formation of a crystalline phase the principal factor controlling the behaviour of an element is the size of its ions. From tables of ionic radii one could predict the crystal structures in which a given ion was most likely to occur. This concept has immense qualitative value in crystal chemistry, and has been remarkably successful in view of the assumptions... 

Each identified source of uncertainty is evaluated against the selected characteristic of uncertainty (i.e. not applicable or low, medium or high), which leads to a map of qualitative values. 

An attempt was made to measure the particle local velocity at 1.5 pipe diameters downstream of the elbow by using a particle velocity probe (56). However, the technique failed, presumably because the strong secondary fiow prevented the velocity probe from being aligned with the velocity vector. For this reason, velocities obtained at 22 pipe diameters downstream of the elbow had to be used to estimate the concentrations at this level (1.5 pipe diameters). Figure 20 shows the estimated solids concentration normalized by the discharge concentration CJC ) for fine and medium sand particles 1.5 pipe diameters downstream of the elbow. Most of the relative concentrations are lower than unity, and consequently the mean concentration based on these measurements would be lower than the true value. Similar findings were obtained by Sansone (57) in gas-solid systems downstream of a 90 elbow. This phenomenon occurs because the velocity vector and the probe axis are not colinear, so that the concentration results are only of qualitative value. 

The calculations reported in this work were for very dilute, xb 10 , solutions. In other work ( t) we found the results to be unaffected for solute mole fractions from 10 to 10 . Dilute solutions are characteristic of many experimentally-studied supercritical solutions. The low solute concentration does, however, tend to reduce the accuracy of the solute-solute correlation functions, qbb (0> regard them as of qualitative value only. 

The terms limit of detection and limit of determination have been confusingly used in the literature. While limit of detection is a qualitative value, the term limit of determination should only be used in connection with quantitative work. The detection of an impurity is essential in routine analysis but it is quite different from determining the content of the impurity. 

Muscarinic receptors are glycoproteins with molecular weights of approximately 80,000. They are located on the outer surface of the cell membrane, and they are of the G-protein-linked type M, Mg, and Mg receptors couple with proteins to stimulate phospho-lipase-C, whereas Mg and M4 receptors couple with Gi proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase (25). The molecular basis of muscarinic receptor function has been reviewed (26). Nordvall and Hacksell (27) proposed a molecular model of the transmembrane domains of the receptor, to explain the three-dimensional interaction of the receptor with its ligands. However, the authors specified that the model is "primarily of qualitative value". 

Oils of high qualitative value possess a very sweet, fruity, juicy, flowery and aldehydic note. 

In nonlinear chromatography the thermodynamic effects of the isotherm can be seen in the chromatogram as indicated by Eq. 2.16a and shown in Fig. 2.6. Therefore the mean retention time cannot be calculated by the first absolute moment (Eq. 2.27). A not exact but more reliable value is, for example, the position of the compressed front in case of Langmuir isotherms (Fig. 2.6.3b). This might be used as a qualitative value to characterize and compare different chromatographic systems. 

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