Transcription effect

CpG island downstream of Initiation sites - methylation does not effect transcription... 

Sehgal Why can t you have the clock proteins controlled post-transcriptionally Under all these conditions, they are capable of effecting transcription of downstream genes, just not their own because their promoters don t exist. 

Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ. The -308 tumor necrosis factor-a promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Molecular Immunol. 1997, 34 391-399. 

As mentioned above, one consequence of stalled RNA polymerase II at a DNA adduct is activation of transcription-coupled repair [27], This effect may depend on the type of polymerase, however, since the removal of some types of DNA damage is slower from RNA-polymerase I transcribed ribosomal DNA than from a nuclear gene [160], The lower level of repair in the nucleolus could also reflect the influence of other transcription factors, such as the HMG-domain protein UBF, which bind to cisplatin-mod-ified DNA [145]. When HeLa cells were exposed to cisplatin at concentrations which did not seem to affect nuclear transcription, inhibition of rDNA gene expression was associated with the redistribution of UBF, along with other factors responsible for rRNA transcription [138], These observations indicate how cisplatin might exert a combination of effects. Transcription is stopped due to titration of essential factors by the platinum-DNA adducts, and the same proteins could shield the lesions from the repair activity. 

The Intention of this volume is to give a flavour of the types of problems in biochemistry that theoretical calculations can solve at present, and to illustrate the tremendous predictive power these approaches possess. With these aspects in mind, I have tried to gather some of the leading scientists in the field of theoretical/computational biochemistry and let them present their work. You will hence find a wide range of computational approaches, from classical MD and Monte Carlo methods, via semi-empirical and DFT approaches on isolated model systems, to Car-Parrinello QM-MD and novel hybrid QM/MM studies. The systems investigated also cover a broad range from membrane-bound proteins to various types of enzymatic reactions as well as inhibitor studies, cofactor properties, solvent effects, transcription and radiation damage to DNA. 

As mentioned above, the bZIP proteins function as dimers in order to bind to DNA. Presently, there is no conclusive evidence to indicate whether Nrf2 may activate gene expression as a homodimer or whether it is obligated to form heterodimeric complexes. Because p45 NF-E2, the first family member of these proteins, was found to dimerize with MafK in order to bind DNA and activate transcription (56), it was hypothesized that small Maf proteins may represent a partner for Nrf2 in effecting transcriptional activation (52). 

DNA methylation The covalent modification of cytosine to yield 5-methylcytosine. In vertebrates occurs exclusively within the context of a CpG dinucleotide. Produced by DNA methyltransferase and interpreted by dedicated DNA-binding proteins that effect transcriptional repression in part via recruiting histone deacetylase. 

The first one involves one of the strongest mechanisms for effecting transcriptional repression currently known DNA methylation. Genomes of higher vertebrates contain unusually low amounts of the dinucleotide CpG (theoretical predictions suggest each dinucleotide should account for 1 /4 = 0.0625, i.e., ca. 6% of the genome CpG... 

Appetite-suppressing. Neuropqrtide modulators and gut hormones with anorexigenic effects are a-melanocortin-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, insulin, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic peptide PP, peptide YY and PYY3 36, and others. 

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