Outsourcing

The planned and established specialised supply chain for the companies can enable them to improve their overall competencies. However, in particular, it should allow them to focus on their core competencies—i.e. concentrate on production with safety and pollution control, while supplies of non-critical raw materials (filter aids, salt for water treatment, some stabiliser chemical), common spare parts, and packaging items are outsourced. 

The outsourcing helps them to reduce the efforts to procure these items from various sources. These efforts are outsourced to other firms that can perform the activities better or more cost-effectively. The company can thus primarily concentrate on those activities in the production chain in which it has more competencies such as actual production, pollution and quality control, and safety matters. 

the jobs of procuring non-critical items, common spare parts, and their transport, warehousing, and inventory control may be subcontracted to other reliable agencies (managing the logistics). They must be reliable, trustworthy, and able to deliver at reasonable costs. 

The effect increased number of organisations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing managerial control of daily logistics operations. More supply parties can also ensure supplies through supply chain when there is more than one supplier for the same item. 

Main policies can be decided at head ofiftce by senior management, while the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day-to-day liaison with logistics partners are best managed by lower level staff or at site. 

These advantages are partly counter-balanced by the need to manage a complex task in real time, to control the timely provision of services and the achievement of milestones, the 

The concept of virtual pharma carries the notion to the (present) extreme, where all activities are outsourced except strategy and financing. 

The well-developed ways of validating R D, preclinical studies and clinical studies of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are applied with the appropriate modifications to the regulatory processes for small molecules, therapeutic proteins, proteins analogs, vectors for delivery and gene therapy, synthetic lipids, and other compounds derived from molecular biology. 

Special consideration is given to the effects on the increasingly better understood biological, biochemical and genetic networks as well as the chemical and biotechnological systems of manufacture, recovery and formulation. 

The different glycosylation patterns (depending on the eukaryotic cell chosen for producing therapeutic or analytical proteins or protein analogs) are an example of the influence of the manufacturing system on the structure of the product. 

To make the process more effective, Chrysler decided to outsource the program, making it a turnkey, major contract/purchase-order-based process. Chrysler s partner in this effort was the Packaging Systems Division of DCT, Inc. (now PLogic), assisted by The Agile Group, Inc. 

Dunnage is loose material placed in the package to prevent damage to the contents. 

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Table A.4, taken from the CCPS Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design, shows the questions which need to be asked regarding the safety of the proposed reaction, the data required to answer those questions and some selected methods of investigation. The experimental analysis is extremely specialized, and companies should consider outsourcing the tests if they do not have specialists in this area.

This guideline describes methods to help the chemical processing industry apply the CCPS chemical process safety concepts to outsourced manufacturing operations, specifically the tolling vendor-client relationship. In addition to the focus on process safety, information and examples provided in this text foster good practices relative to community and worker health, and environmental responsibility. 

In-house maintenance services at the toller site become an outsourced function. 

Toller An outsourced manufacturing company contracted to process materials to another company s specifications. Sometimes called third party service provider, toll processor, supplier of outside services, external contract manufacturer, contract processor, contract manufacturer, custom chemical manufacturer. 

Guidelines for process safety in outsourced manufacturing oerations / Center for Chemical Process Safety, p. cm. 

Your general aim should be to improve product quality, increase productivity, and reduce the cost of development and manufacture. However, productivity is not easy to measure with multiple products on multiple lines, each at a different stage of maturity. This makes comparisons to detect changes in productivity difficult, if not impossible. However there may be factors common to all product lines, such as labor costs. Merely outsourcing manufacture to developing countries may not improve your productivity. The labor costs may reduce but rework and warranty claims increase. Productivity is only improved if product quality has been maintained. Certain processes may also be common to more than one product line and hence improving productivity of common processes can have wide-ranging impact. 

If you are located on or near an airport and a Boeing 747 descends upon your factory, can you claim it to be an event outside your control when you chose to site your plant so close to the airport You may have chosen to outsource manufacture to a supplier in a poorer country and now depend on them for your supplies. They may ship the product but because it is stopped at customs due to a change in government of the country concerned, it doesn t reach its destination - hence you may need an alternative source of supply. 

Most usually the pretreatment plant is a capital item fixed asset facility, but the trend is increasingly noticeable around the world today for the supply of properly conditioned MU water to be outsourced from a contractor, who either leases a mobile plant to the facility or generates a profit from the direct sale of water to the boiler plant. 

In the United States (and increasingly in Europe and elsewhere), with the rise in outsourcing, it is now possible for manufacturing industries to obtain electricity via transportable, trailer-mounted, packaged turbine generators. Here the steam is supplied from outsourced mobile boilers, which in turn receive FW from mobile water treatment plants. 

For larger plants some water analysis, results interpretation, and recommendations for operational changes may be carried out by a boiler operator, water treatment plant technician or a laboratory analyst (or even by an outsourced subcontractor) these recommendations complement similar work undertaken by the water treatment service company representative. 

This development has for some time involved many aspects of the boiler water treatment market but has recently extended further into the overall utilities sector. There are perhaps three levels of extended services now available the water treatment full-service program, the provision of contract labor to run a company s boiler plant, and the outsourcing of utility components or the entire facilities. 

Utilities outsourcing The complete outsourcing of utilities, such as the provision of steam and water, is the next level. In fact, many organizations around the world have purchased steam from a neighboring manufacturing facility or from a utilities supplier for many years, but today there are many permutations on this theme. For some time it has been common to hire a boiler or even a turbine generator on a temporary basis. Now it is easy to hire the water treatment plant, or simply to buy the MU water needed to run the plant. Under these schemes, contractors may provide trailer-mounted water treatment equipment, which is simply driven in and hooked up directly to the customers deaerator or FW tank. 

The latest outsourcing development is for giant services companies to bundle their services together to provide a one-stop shop. A services contractor may provide some form of permanently installed utilities plant under a build, own, operate, maintain program (BOOM), so that the customer merely pays a contract fee to receive water, steam, electricity, and other services. Thus, the entire responsibility for the provision of utilities can be passed to a contractor, and not merely at one facility, but globally ... 

However, for most smaller industrial and commercial or institutional facilities around the world today, the concept of outsourcing just about every aspect of the requirement for utilities is not on the agenda, but it undoubtedly will come when the time is right. In fact, the added cost of full services is often prohibitive in those countries where in-house labor rates are low thus, much of the boiler plant preventative... 

Traditionally, the mix of pretreatment equipment required to meet a specific FW volume and quality specification is provided as a permanent installation under a capital project, although today there is a growing global market in outsourced water services. Typically, vendors such as Ecolochem, Inc., a world leader in this type of service, provide trailer-mounted, mobile water-processing equipment that can be... 

Today, there is almost always a relatively low-cost, low-tech solution available as a viable alternative to dumping condensate. Most CR recovery or polishing solutions employ a fixed installation, but mobile retrofits increasingly are being provided by outsourced service providers. See Figure 9.4d for a schematic layout of a mobile boiler condensate conditioning plant. 

Even without the current outsourcing trends, it has always been difficult for service companies to find sufficient numbers of well-trained, experienced, and motivated field representatives. This is because the range of water treatment problems and potential solutions are very wide and the business involves the marketing of many different types of chemicals and equipment, coupled with consulting work and innovative trouble shooting. 

Lex Service PLC provides motoring and related business solutions to individual and corporate customers in the UK and Europe. Their services include the provision of BSM driving schools, nationwide repairs centres, outsourcing services for corporate customers, and vehicle importing and retailing. 

The extent to which the current trend toward mergers and acquisitions continues in life sciences, and also the extent to which larger pharmaceutical companies outsource research and development to smaller companies. It may become necessary for rapid integration of systems between companies that had previously had no relationship at all, and for the secure integration of particular systems between collaborating companies. 

Doing it more cheaply (outsourcing contracts can face cost escalation, or painful and expensive break clauses when the real scope of work is discovered)... 

Depending on the size of the CRO and the nature of the trial, the system may be acquired in one of the following ways (1) developed in-house by the organization s staff with off-the-shelf commercial software, (2) outsourced to outside contractors, (3) with open source/free software (OSS/FS), and (4) purchased from e-clinical proprietary vendors. 

Other factors include available resources in terms of money and manpower to develop the system in-house, outsource, or purchase from e-clinical proprietary vendors, reliability, flexibility, and security. Some coordinating centers have chosen OSS/FS over proprietary vendors based on the criteria of cost, reliability, flexibility, and security [38]. The rationale is that although both have service comparability, proprietary software licensing costs, both for initial purchases and annual licensing, are significant. 

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