Direct sales

The total U.S. market for radiopharmaceuticals in 1993 was 406 million. Radiopharmaceuticals sold direcdy to U.S. hospital nuclear medicine departments accounted for approximately 25% of the total sales, or about 98 million. Another 308 million were sold via nuclear pharmacies. Of direct sales among the primary U.S. manufacturers, one had approximately 49% of the market, another approximately 34%, and the third about 9%. 

In order to operate an economically viable chlorinated paraffin business, it is essential to have a profitable outlet for the surplus hydrochloric acid, either through direct sales into the market, or preferably via an oxychlorination unit in an integrated vinyl chloride/chlorinated solvent unit, while still maintaining the option of direct sales. 

Phase 11 of Title IV hmits the majority of plants >20 MW and all plants >75 MW to maximum emissions of 1.2 pounds of SO2 per 10 Btu after the year 2000. In general, new plants would have to acquire banked emission allowances in order to be built. Emission allowances will be traded through a combination of seU/purchase with other utilities, EPA auctions and direct sales. 

Most usually the pretreatment plant is a capital item fixed asset facility, but the trend is increasingly noticeable around the world today for the supply of properly conditioned MU water to be outsourced from a contractor, who either leases a mobile plant to the facility or generates a profit from the direct sale of water to the boiler plant. 

In contrast to this, the main objective of price regulation in Spain is to contain the pharmaceutical bill of the SNS.14 The Directorate-General of Pharmacy fixes the ex-factory price of each and every one of the presentations of the pharmaceuticals included in public health care. This authorized price is the maximum ruling price in both the public health sector and direct sales to the public in pharmacies. Laboratories can only make price increases above the maximum price fixed for each presentation when the government authorizes a general price revision. The markups of distributing wholesalers and pharmacists are also fixed by the authorities as a percentage over the exfactory price. 

Direct sales to patients or via pharmacists and other healthcare professionals. 

SIC Industry Personal consumption, id Total output, 10 Direct sales to persons, %... 

Service company vendors charge for the provision of their chemical and technical services, and, notwithstanding the apparent possible conflicts, technology support and direct sales need to go hand in hand. 

The majority of chemical companies offer a wide range of channel alternatives -e-channels, direct sales, customer service, third party distribution, technical service. This multi-channel approach has greatly increased customer flexibility and the choice of alternative relationship models, but has done little to reduce the investment in direct customer interface capabilities or to differentiate players service offerings. Primarily, it has added complexity and costs to the delivery system. 

In the United States, two ammonia pipelines deliver ammonia to the Mississippi delta and to the Texas and Oklahoma panhandle region. Direct sales by basic producers are generally at wholesale prices. Basic producers also sell to distributors and jobbers for resale to end users buying smaller quantities. Distributors of ammonia to industrial end users have their own storage facilities, packaging plants and distribution networks. They are able to supply end users that buy in less-than-truckload quantities (a minimum of 1,000 to 2,000 pounds or 450 to 910 kilograms) or in cylinders or bottles57. 

Companies will normally provide their customers with a wide and diverse selection of custom-formulated products. In addition, companies also have the ability to formulate new products for new resins or new consumer product applications. Because customers may select from more than 2000 different products that have already been formulated, the diversity of product options requires that direct sales to the customer be practiced in response to specific product orders. It would be impractical, if not impossible, to maintain the immense inventory that would be required to offer a distributorship-type operation. Conversely, compounders who produce a limited number of bulk products may effectively use a distributorship system to provide customers with their product. 

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