Ointment softening

Emollient. Used externally to soothe, soften and protect the skin, elder makes an excellent ointment for burns, sores and hemorrhoids. Parts used flowers, inner bark, leaves. 

Vegetable drug extracts may be softened with alcohol before they are incorporated into ointment bases. 

Ointments are semisolid preparations to be applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes they soften or melt at room temperature. Pastes are thick, stiff ointments... 

Urea in a compatible cream vehicle or ointment base has a softening and moisturizing effect on the stratum corneum. It has the ability to make creams and lotions feel less greasy, and this has been utilized in dermatologic preparations to decrease the oily feel of a preparation that otherwise might feel unpleasant. It is a white crystalline powder with a slight ammonia odor when moist. 

Because of the widespread applications of surface chemistry, practically all industries, knowingly or otherwise, make use of the principles of surface chemistry. Countless cosmetic and pharmaceutical products are emulsions—lotions, creams, ointments, suppositories, etc. Food emulsions include milk, margarine, salad dressings and sauces. Adhesive emulsions, emulsion paints, self-polishing waxes, waterless hand cleaners and emulsifiable insecticide concentrates are commonplace examples of emulsions, which fall within the province of surface chemistry. Other products winch function in accordance with the principles of smface chemistry include detergents of every variety, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, mold releases, dispersants and flocculants. 

Selection of an appropriate base for an ointment or cream formulation depends on the type of activity desired (e.g., topical or percutaneous absorption), compatibility with other components, physicochemical and microbial stability of the product, ease of manufacture, pourability and spreadability of the formulation, duration of contact, chances of hypersensitivity reactions, and ease of washing from the site of application. In addition, bases that are used in ophthalmic preparations should be nonirritating and should soften at body temperatures. White petrolatum and liquid petrolatum are generally used in ophthalmic preparations. Table 1 summarizes... 

Anal fissures are often intensely painful due to sphincter spasm. Anaesthetic ointments and stool softening agents have been widely used, with surgery (lateral internal sphinterotomy) for severely affected cases, but this procedure can cause incontinence from loss of sphincter control. An alternative is topical application of nitrate which heals two-thirds of fissures. Preparations should be diluted to 0.2% as such use may be complicated by headache tolerance can develop. Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin has also been shown to be effective. 

In suppositories cetyl alcohol is used to raise the melting point of the base, and in modified-release dosage forms it may be used to form a permeable barrier coating. In lotions, creams, and ointments cetyl alcohol is used because of its emollient, water-absorptive, and emulsifying properties. It enhances stability, improves texture, and increases consistency. The emollient properties are due to absorption and retention of cetyl alcohol in the epidermis, where it lubricates and softens the skin while imparting a characteristic velvety texture. 

EmoIIients/hydrating agents soothe and soften the skin. They are incorporated into ointments and skin creams that are used to treat conditions where the skin is dry or flaky (e.g. eczema). They are usually fats or oils, such as lanolin and liquid paraffin, and can be combined with other hydrating agents, e.g. urea. 

Use Chemical intermediates (lower molecular weight varieties), plasticizers, softeners and humec-tants, ointments, polishes, paper coating, mold lubricants, bases for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, solvents, binders, metal and rubber processing, permissible additives to foods and animal feed, laboratory reagent. 

Use Chemicals, especially stearates and stearate driers lubricants soaps pharmaceuticals and cosmetics accelerator activator dispersing agent and softener in rubber compounds shoe and metal polishes coatings food packaging suppositories and ointments. 

To the ointment previously softened add the lead, and stir them until cool. 

As outlined when discussing absorption bases, the drug may also be dissolved in water to form a solution to be levigated into an ointment base or cream. Such addition softens creams even to the point of converting them to thick lotions. The chosen vehicle, of course, must have an inherent capacity to emulsify or otherwise take up the solution. Aromatic materials such as essential oils, perfume oils, camphor, and menthol, which volatilize if added when the base is hot, are incorporated into these semisolids while they are stiU being mixed but near the temperature where a particular system starts to congeal. Volatile materials are often introduced into the formulation as hydroalcoholic solutions. 

Keratolytics break down keratin and soften skin, which improves penetration of other treatments. Salicylic acid ointment is most frequently used either on its own or in combination with coal tar or dithranol. 

There are a number of nonspecific topical drugs, some some of which have been in use for most of this century. Early therapy of superficial mycoses utilized topical fungicides such as salicylic acid, salicylanilide, iodine tincture, and even weak fungistatic compounds such as benzoic acid. Salicylic acid is mainly a keratolytic agent that also removes the softened, loosened infected epithelial layers. In combination with benzoic acid (Whitfield s ointment), it has been a useful product for years. 

Hemlock Salve. Hemlock ointment, 12 ounces spermaceti, 2 ounces white wax, 3 ounces melt the last two, then add them to tho first, softened by a gentlo heat. Used for inveterate cancerous, scrofulous, and other sores. 

Fonoline . [I tco/S ebom] Petrolatum USP emollient protective coating, binder, carrier, lubricant moisture barrier, plasticizer, protective agent softener for consumer use as petroleum jelly, ointments, industrial prods. 

MP-33-F. efti Ltd.] Srutitan palmi-tate softener and lubricant for polymers, emulsions, cosmetics, ointments. 

Protopet . [Witc(VSmoisture barrier, protective i ent, softener for cosmetics, pharmaceutical ointment, industrial q lics. 

EINECS 220-336-3 Isooctadecanoic acid Isostearic acid 16-Methylheptadecanoic acid 16-methylheptadecanoic acid Emersol 871 Proto-Lan IP Prisorine 3608 Imwitor 780K. Mixture of branched chain 18 carbon aliphatic acids used in cosmetics, chemicals, dispersant, softener in rubber compounds, food packaging, suppositories and ointments. Liquid d = 0.96-0.98 viscosity = 700-900 mPa s HLB=3.7 acid no = 3 max iodine no = 10 max sapon no = 240-260 LDeo (rat orl) >6 g/kg. Degussa-Huls Corp. Henkel/Emery Nissan Chem. ind. Unichema Union Camp. 

The primary use of liquid petrolatum is as a laxative, a product that loosens the bowels. It also has a number of other applications, such as an additive in foods such as candies, confectionary products, and baked goods as an ingredient in personal care products, such as baby oil creams, hair conditioning lotions, and ointments in many different kinds of pharmaceutical preparations in the production of industrial lubricants as a softening agent in the manufacture of rubber, textiles, fibers, adhesives, and machine parts as dust suppressants and as dehydrating agents for a number of industrial processes. 

Actions and Uses.—Chiefly employed externally as a simple dressing to ulcers and blistered surfaces, which it softens and protects from the irritating action of the atmosphere and of acrid discharges. Occasionally to kill the acaerus in mange, scab, and similar complaints. Extensively used in the preparation of ointments. 

Products and Uses Derived from seeds of cocoa plant. In emollient creams, eyelash mascara removers, lipstick, nail cuticle products, blushes, soaps, chocolate, creams, ointments, and medicinal suppositories. As skin softener and lubricant. 

Products and Uses An additive in pharmaceutical products such as skin ointments, preparations, cosmetics, toiletries, and special dermatological soaps. Considered an antiseptic, emollient (skin softener), and demulcent (relieves skin irritation). 

Occurrence In essential oils of many plants (in particular Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae). (+)-C. in pure form was isolated in the second half of the 18th century from the camphor tree Cinnamomum cam-phora, Lauraceae). ( )-C. is produced from a- pinene. Use Mainly as a softener of celluloid. Since C. sublimes at 20°C it is used against moths in textiles. C. is a component of many popular ointments for use against rheumatic pain, neuralgias, and inflammations, whereas its internal use as analeptic and secretogogue is declining. 

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