Camphor tree, Cinnamomum

CioHifiO, M, 152.24, (+)-camphor ftj iookPa 204 °C, mp 178.8 °C, [a] + 44.3° both optical isomers are found widely in nature, (+)-camphor [464-49-3] being the more abundant. It is, for example, the main component of oils obtained from the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora. 

Camphor oil is obtained by steam distillation of the wood of the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. (Lauraceae) growing in China, Taiwan, and Japan. The main constituent of the crude oil is camphor (ca. 50%), which can be separated by crystallization on cooling and subsequent centrifugation. Fractionation of the mother liquor gives two oils ... 

Cyclopentane bicyclic monoterpenoids that occur in the plant kingdom belong to three major skeletal types camphane, iso-camphane, and fenchane (Fig. 7). Camphane-type terpenoid alcohols, (+)-bomeol (Gl) and (—)-isobomeol (G2), have been isolated from Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) and Achillea filipendulina (Asteraceae). A ketone derived from these, (-h)-camphor (G3), is found in the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora) and in the leaves of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage Salvia officinalis, Labiatae). Camphene (G4) and its enantiomer with the isocamphane carbon skeleton are known to occur in the oils of citronella and turpentine. Fenchane-type bicyclic cyclopentane monoterpenoids are commonly found in plants as their ketone derivatives. (—)-Fenchone (G5) occurs in the tree of life Thuja occidentalis, Cupres-saceae). Its enantiomer, (+)-fenchone (G6), has been isolated from the oil of fennel Foeniculum vulgare, Umbelliferae). 

Linalool Refreshing, floral-woody Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Bois de Rose (Aniba rosaeodora) Camphor tree (Cinnamomum cam-phora)... 

Camphor (KAM-for) is also known as gum camphor 2-camphanone i,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.i]heptan-2-one and i,7,7-trimethylhicyclo[2-2-i]-2-heptanone, among others. It is a volatile white waxy substance with a strong, characteristic odor and a hitter, cooling taste. Its odor has been described as fragrant, aromatic, pungent, or penetrating, similar to that of mothballs. The compound is obtained from the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora, which is native to many parts of the world, including the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra, as well as China, Taiwan, Japan, and Brazil. 

Despite its name, the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora, does not produce cinnamon. That compound... 

Some important bicyclic monoterpenoids are shown in Figure 5.2. Camphor occurs very widely in nature. The richest source is the oil distilled from the wood of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphor a). This wood has a long history of use for furniture in China. Linen stored in camphorwood chests is free from attack by insects such as moths owing to the insect repellent properties of camphor. It is also found in a wide range of flowers, such as lavender, and herbs, such as sage and rosemary. Isobornyl acetate occurs in herbs such as sage,... 

Occurrence In essential oils of many plants (in particular Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae). (+)-C. in pure form was isolated in the second half of the 18th century from the camphor tree Cinnamomum cam-phora, Lauraceae). ( )-C. is produced from a- pinene. Use Mainly as a softener of celluloid. Since C. sublimes at 20°C it is used against moths in textiles. C. is a component of many popular ointments for use against rheumatic pain, neuralgias, and inflammations, whereas its internal use as analeptic and secretogogue is declining. 

Definition Ketone derived from wood of the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora or prepared synthetically Empiricai CioHisO... 

Naturally occurring camphanes include the bomeols with an endo hydroxy group, the isobomeols with an exo OH and 2-camphanone (2-bonanone) referred to as camphor. (+)-Bomeol from the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) and from the roots of ginger-like Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae), both of which grow in Eastern Asia, is known as Borneo camphor. (-)-Isobomeol was isolated from Achillea filipendulina (Asteraceae). 

Among these preparations are a few, which have found their way into Western pharmacology. These include extracts from the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), from hemp (Cannabis sativa), from various Rauwolfia species (e.g. reserpine), from ginseng (Panax quiti-quefolium and Panax schinseng) and from Ma-huang (Ephedra sinica). 

PG which is postulated to be a major lipid class responsible for chilling sensitivity composed of 16 0, (3 )-16 l and 18 1 as major fatty acid constituents (Table 1). Annual plants such as spinach did not contain 18 1 in a significant amount. Thus, PG in leaves of camellia species has a characteristic fatty acid composition. PG Isolated from leaves of sakaki (Cleyera japonica), camphor tree (Cinnamomum comphora) and mirica (Mirica rubra) showed fatty acid composition similar to that of camellia species. In PG from tea leaves, 18 1 exclusively attached to C-1 position of PG and (3 )-16 l to C-2 position (Table 2). 

Natural Camphor.—Camphor is obtained as a natural product from the camphor tree, Laurus camphor a (or Cinnamomum camphor a) ... 

There are lots of varieties of camphor trees whose safrole contents can skyrocket above that of the common Cinnamomum camphora. Many are from Taiwan and Japan. Names to look for include ... 

Cinnamaldehyde (sin-uh-MAL-duh-hide) is also known as cinnamic aldehyde 3-phenyl-2-propenal cinnamyl aldehyde phenylalacrolein cinnamal and trans-cinnamaldehyde. It is a yellowish oily, liquid with a sweet taste and a cinnamish odor responsible for the characteristic taste and odor of cinnamon spice. It occurs naturally in the bark of the cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, which is native to Sri Lanka and India, and has been cultivated in other parts of the world, such as Brazil, Jamaica, and Mauritius. Cinnamaldehyde is also found in other members of the the Cinnamomum species, including cassia and camphor. 

The anti-inflammatory effect of the EO from the leaves of indigenous Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. (camphor tree, Lauraceae) was studied by Chao et al. (2005). Twenty-one components, among which the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (17%) and santolina triene (14.2%) and the sesquiterpenes spathulenol (15.7%) and caryophyUene oxide (11.2%), were analyzed as main constituents. In the anti-inflammatory assay it was found that the EO exerted a high capacity to suppress pro-IL-l i protein expression induced by LPS-treated J774A.1 murine macrophage at dosages of 60 xg/mL. Additionally, IL-lp and IL-6 production was reduced at the same dose. The TNE-a production could not be influenced by this dose of the EO. 

Camphor is naturally occurring in the camphor laurel tree Cinnamomum camphora), but it can be obtained synthetically from turpentine oil. It possesses a cyclic turpentine structure, so it is very lipophilic, which is the reason why it is so well distributed in the body and can make crossings through mucus membranes and probably attract myelinated axons. Camphor is used in medicine for its local anesthetic, antipruritic, and antiseptic activities and as a expectorant in pharmaceutical preparations [137]. Camphor has been cherished for its medical uses for ages in Asia it remains less known in other parts of the world. Camphor vapor is not irritating to the eyes, so it is used in cosmeticproducts and also in room fresheners or in food as a disinfectant [138]. 

The natural source of high-purity camphor is a tree, Cinnamomum camphorae, native to south-east Asia but cultivated more widely. In the early twentieth century, camphor was one of the first organic materials to be synthesized industrially from inorganic starting materials. Camphor sublimes at room temperature (see below). Camphor was one of the earliest and best plasticizers (at 25 0%) for cellulose nitrate plastics (Miles, 1955) though it has largely been replaced by liquid plasticizers. 

From the bark of a Lauraceous tree, Cinnamomum laubattiU collected in northern Australia, a crude alkaloid mixture was obtained in 0.01% yield this mixture was mostly composed of (+)-reticuline, a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (37). The same alkaloid was obtained from Cinnamomum camphor (156). 

Fujita Y, Fujita S, Ihnaka Y 1974 Biogenesis of the essential oils in camphor trees. XXXIV. Essential oil components of a residue of Cinnamomum camphora excavated at Konoyama, Moriyama, of district in Tokushima Prefecture. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 48 693-696... 

PROP Colorless or yellowish, oily, fragrant Uquid. Bp 175-200°, flash p 117°F (CC), d 0.875-0.900 20°/20°. Insol in water sol in chloroform, ether, oils, and in approx 3 vols ale. Found in the trees and bark of Cinnamomum carphora sieh (Fam. iMuraceae) and prepared by fractional distillation of crude camphor oil after the camphor has been crystallized out a white, viscous liquid with cineole as the principal ingredient along with monoterpenes (FCTXAV 11,1011,73),... 

The essential oil of ravintsara is obtained from the leaves of Cinnamomum camphor a which was introduced from Taiwan and now is growing widely in Madagascar. This essential oil has been misreported and traded as raverrsara or Ravensara aromatica. The trae ravensara essential oil is extracted from the leaves of an endemic tree locally known as Havozo 6-10). 

CAMPHOR The drug from the essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of the wood from Cinnamomum camphora (L.), J.Presl, belonging to the family Lauraceae, a high tree that is cultivated mainly in Taiwan. The production of natural camphor (optically active) has been replaced by synthetic camphor (racemate), which is synthesized from a-pinene (from turpentine oil). 

Camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene, is extracted from the woods of Cinnamomum camphora, a tree located in Southeast Asia and North America. Furthermore, it is also one of the major constituents of the essential oil of common sage (Salvia officinalis). Solid camphor forms white, fatty crystals with intensive camphoraceous odor and is used commercially as a moth repellent and preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (Wichtel, 2002). In dogs, rabbits, and rats, camphor is extensively metabolized whereas the major hydroxylation products of d- and L-camphor were 5-endo-md 5-ex -hydroxycamphor. A small amount was also identified as 3-e do-hydroxycamphor (Figure 8.2). Both 3- and 5-bornane groups can be further reduced to 2,5-bornanedione. Minor biotransformation steps also involve the reduction of camphor to borneol and isoborneol. Interestingly, all hydroxy-lated camphor metabolites are further conjugated in a Phase II reaction with glucuronic acid... 

Bicyclic ketone camphor, formed by oxidation of borneol, is a component of cinnamon, sage and rosemary essential oils. In nature, camphor is formed by the oxidation of borneol, and usually occurs as a mixture of two isomers, (+)-camphor (8-51), which is more common, and (-)-camphor (8-51). Camphor is obtained from the camphor laurel tree wood Camphor officinalis, syn. Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae) originating in Indochina, where it grows in large numbers. A further sesquiterpenic ketone is (-)-fenchone (8-51), which is found in many essential oils, for example in fennel essential oil. 

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