Alcohol, cetyl

Fig. XIV-3. Steric effects in the penetration of sodium cetyl sulfate monolayers by cetyl alcohol and oleyl alcohol.

The importance of steric factors in the formation of penetration complexes is made evident by the observation that although sodium cetyl sulfate plus cetyl alcohol gives an excellent emulsion, the use of oleyl alcohol instead of cetyl alcohol leads to very poor emulsions. As illustrated in Fig. XIV-3, the explanation may lie in the difficulty in accommodating the kinked oleyl alcohol chain in the film. 

A mixture of 70% Tween 60 and 30% Span 65 gives optimum behavior in a given emulsion system. What composition mixture of sodium lauryl sulfate and cetyl alcohol should also give optimum behavior in the same system ... 

A surfactant mixture having an HLB number of 8 should give a good W/O emulsion in which the oil phase is lanolin. Suggest two possible surfactant mixtures that you, an aspiring cosmetic chemist, might use you have been told that your formulations must contain 10% cetyl alcohol. 

Methyl n-ptopyl carbinol (6) Cetyl alcohol (11) Ethyl celloBOlve (16) Butyl carbitol ... 

The free acids are obtained upon acidification. Fata usually consist of mixtures of glycerides. The term wax is usually applied to esters of fatty acids with other alcohols such as cetyl alcohol CH3(CH2),4CHjOH and oleyl alcohol CH3(CHj),CH=CH(CHj),CH30H. 

Other constituents may be added to assist in the formation of uniform beads or to influence the use properties of the polymers through plasticization or cross-linking. These include lubricants, such as lauryl or cetyl alcohol and stearic acid, and cross-linking monomers such as di- or trivinylbenzene, diaHyl esters of dibasic acids, and glycol dimethacrylates. 

Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. The main use of hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) is in cosmetics (qv) and pharmaceuticals (qv), where it and octadecanol (stearyl alcohol) are used extensively as emoUient additives and as bases for creams, Hpsticks, ointments, and suppositories. Octadecenol (oleyl alcohol) is also widely used (47), as are the nonlinear alcohols. The compatibiHty of heavy cut alcohols and other cosmetic materials or active dmg agents, their mildness, skin feel, and low toxicity have made them the preferred materials for these appHcations. Higher alcohols and their derivatives are used in conditioning shampoos, in other personal care products, and in ingested materials such as vitamins (qv) and sustained release tablets (see Controlled RELEASE technology). 

However, in the case of mini- and microemulsions, processing methods reduce the size of the monomer droplets close to the size of the micelle, leading to significant particle nucleation in the monomer droplets (17). Intense agitation, cosurfactant, and dilution are used to reduce monomer droplet size. Additives like cetyl alcohol are used to retard the diffusion of monomer from the droplets to the micelles, in order to further promote monomer droplet nucleation (18). The benefits of miniemulsions include faster reaction rates (19), improved shear stabiHty, and the control of particle size distributions to produce high soHds latices (20). 

Ceroplastol synthesis, 1, 428 Cetyl alcohol synthesis, 1, 478 Chaetoglobasins structures, 4, 376 Chalcone, o -azido-2 -oxy-synthesis, 3, 823 Chalcone, 2-hydroxy-reduction, 3, 751 Chalcone, 2 -hydroxy-mass spectra, 3, 618 Chalcone dibromides flavone synthesis from, 3, 823 Chalcones polymers, 1, 304 Chanoclavine synthesis, 6, 423 Charge density waves in stacks of ions, 1, 351-352 Chartreusin... 

Cetyl alcohol (1-hexadecanol) [36653-82-4] M 242.5, m 49.3". Crystd from aqueous EtOH or from cyclohexane. Purified by zone refining. Purity checked by gas chromatography. 

Crystd from MeOH, or dry diethyl ether and benzene, then fractionally distd under reduced pressure. Purified by column chromatography. Freed from cetyl alcohol by zone melting. 

Solids. —It may Idc a hydrocM bon (c .g., paraffin wa, naphthalene) highei alcohol eg., cetyl alcohol) aldehyde e.g., z5-hydroxybenzaldehyde) ketone and qiiinonc e.g., benzo-phenone, camphor) acid (higher fatty, e.g., palmitic acid or aromatic acid) ester (of glycerol, phenols or aromatic alcohols) phenol e.g., thymol),... 

CHa (CHa) 14—COO— (CH,) 15CH3 as well as smaller amounts of cetyl alcohol HO-(CH2)i5CH3... 

Spermaceti, a fragrant substance from sperm whales, was much used in cosmetics until it was banned in 1976 to protect the whales from extinction. Chemically, spermaceti is cetyl palmitate, the ester of cetyl alcohol (u-ClrtH33OH) with palmitic acid. Draw its structure. 

Cetyl alcohol is a nonionic surfactant used as a hair coating in shampoos and conditioners. 

Conditioners are compounds added to keep the hair cuticle smooth and slippery. Silicone oils such as dimethicone and cyclomethicone are used to make the hair shiny and slippery. Humectants (moisturizers) like panthenol help keep the cuticle moist so that the scales do not stand up. Long-chain fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol... 

The most useful fatty alcohols obtained from fats and oils are coconut alcohol, different cuts of coconut alcohol, tallow alcohol, cetyl/stearyl alcohol and oleyl and oleyl/cetyl alcohols. 

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