Self-polishing

Use of a shoe poHsh imparts high gloss, maintains the supple hand of the leather (qv), and increases the weather resistance of the leather (3,57—59). Three general types of poHshes are produced solvent pastes, self-polishing Hquids, and emulsion creams. Solvent pastes represent ca 60% of the market (58). 

Thomas, T.E. and M.G. Robinson. 1986. The physiological effects of the leachates from a self-polishing organotin antifouling paint on marine diatoms. Mar. Environ. Res. 18 215-229. 

Tributyltin self-polishing copolymer technology (TBT-SPC) Tin-free chemically-active paints and fouling release... 

After some time, the partially-reacted outer layer of the polymer film, now containing hydrophilic free carboxylate groups, has little strength and is easily eroded by moving seawater (self-polishing effect), exposing a fresh layer of organotin acrylate polymer... 

Figure 7 Schematic illustration of a self-polishing antifouling paint with soluble CU2O particles exposed to seawater (no insoluble pigments present for simplicity). Notice the pigment-leached layer and the two moving fronts (eroding polymer front, zE, and dissolving pigment front, zP). After Kiil et al. (2002c).

The basic constituents in a self-polishing antifouling paint are 1) the binder system, 2) the biocides and pigments and 3) the solvents. 

The binder provides the film forming properties and cohesive strength in the paint and, at the same time, it offers the built-in self-polishing action in sea water. 

In Kiil et al. (2002a), the effects of seawater parameters and paint formulation parameters on the paint behaviour are simulated and discussed. As an example of the use of the mathematical model, the effect of CU2O particle size is reviewed here. All present self-polishing antifouling paints use the soluble... 

The pigment, P(s), can, in principle, be any seawater-soluble particulate solid that is being considered for a potential use in a self-polishing antifouling paint. Salts, sugars, and proteins (enzymes, peptides, or hormones) are obvious examples. It should be noted that the pigment can also represent a seawater-... 

The most likely outcome seems to be that a range of commercial solutions will be available rather than a single dominating product type such as in the days of the tin-based self-polishing paints. 

Kiil, S. Dam-Johansen, K., Weinell, C.E., Pedersen, M.S., (2002c) Seawater-soluble pigments and their potential use in self-polishing antifouling paints simulation-based screening tool, Prog. Org. Coat., 45, 423-434. 

Fouling of hulls leads to a significant increase in the surface roughness which in turn Introduces an economic penalty for ship owners. The Importance of surface roughness has been reviewed by Christie (J ), who also describes the development of self polishing... 

FIGURE 2.24 PCA scores for Pt electrode in ferrocyanide solution. Data represents six series of pulse voltammetry measurements performed with a self polishing device. A reproducible drift pattern is shown (reproduced from Olsson et ai, 2006, with permission). 

Olsson, J., Winquist, F., and Lundstroem, I. (2006). A self polishing electronic tongue. Sens. Actuators B 118(1-2), 461-465. 

Because of the widespread applications of surface chemistry, practically all industries, knowingly or otherwise, make use of the principles of surface chemistry. Countless cosmetic and pharmaceutical products are emulsions—lotions, creams, ointments, suppositories, etc. Food emulsions include milk, margarine, salad dressings and sauces. Adhesive emulsions, emulsion paints, self-polishing waxes, waterless hand cleaners and emulsifiable insecticide concentrates are commonplace examples of emulsions, which fall within the province of surface chemistry. Other products winch function in accordance with the principles of smface chemistry include detergents of every variety, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, mold releases, dispersants and flocculants. 

Keywords Antibacterial Antimicrobial Bacteria Biocide Contact-active Light-activated Photocatalytic Release Self-polishing Surface... 

Another way to keep microbial cells off surfaces is to create materials that constantly renew their surface, e.g., by being degraded. This so-called self-polishing does not keep microbes away effectively because the degradation process and the formation of a biofilm have different time scales. The latter takes merely hours, whereas the first should be in the range of days to months to provide a useful protection. In practice, such self-polishing systems only work in combination with released biocides and are discussed in Sect. 6.1 in greater detail. 

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