Lightly-loaded

These two test methods and the octane numbers of the fuels measured are ultimately used to evaluate the performance of vehicles. The two methods provide usehil information about how fuels perform in cars. The RON corresponds to light load, low speed conditions, whereas the MON corresponds to heavier loads, and high speed severe driving conditions. 

Portable hand-held direct reading Rockwell testers have been developed and are in use, as are numerous C clamp configurations, all intended for field or shop use. The newest computerized digital readout Rockwell tester provides the ultimate in portabiUty at the cost of some loss of sensitivity due to the very light loads used. 

Plastics. Almost all commercial plastics find some use both dry and lubricated for sliding at low speeds and light loads the most commonly used thermoplastics are nylon, acetal resins, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Typical thermosetting resins for bearing appHcations are phenoHcs, polyesters, and polyimides. Table 8 compares the characteristics of plastic bearing materials with those of graphite, wood, and mbber which find use in somewhat similar appHcations. 

Fluid couplings have a proven record of reliability and ease of operation. They thus have found wide application wherever a light load start and capticily control of drives is required as in fans and pumps. 

Most of these applications are heavy inertia loads and require a light load start. The use of such variable drives can save energy. 

Such as motors (not really but can be considered so being balanced loads) heating loads, capacitor and incandescent lighting loads etc. Of the linear loads, the following will require special consideration. 

When switching a lightly loaded circuit, having a transformer, and the natural frequency of the linear part of the system con esponds to one of the harmonics of the magnetizing ettrrent. 

When the systems that are series compensated are eonneeted to a lightly loaded transformer or shunt reactor, under certain line conditions (Section 24.4). 

A study of various systems has revealed that the load angle for an uncompensated line should be maintained at about 30° only. This means that an uncompensated line may be loaded to just nearly half its steady-state level to retain a high level of stability during load fluctuations, particularly during light loads or load rejections, switching of large inductive loads or any type of minor or major line fault. 

Adding shunt capacitors would also reduce Zq but would raise the electrical line length hence it is not considered. Moreover, on EHVs, the charging shunt capacitances, Cq, as such require compensation during light loads or load rejections to limit the voltage rise (regulation) at the far end or the midpoint. Hence no additional shunt compensation is recommended. 

Same symptoms as bearing oil whirl except a decrease m lube oil temperature will often eliminate or reduce vibration severity. Seal ring oil whirl Oil ring seal acting as lightly loaded bearing... 

For erosive wear. Rockwell or Brinell hardness is likely to show an inverse relation with carbon and low alloy steels. If they contain over about 0.55 percent carbon, they can be hardened to a high level. However, at the same or even at lower hardness, certain martensitic cast irons (HC 250 and Ni-Hard) can out perform carbon and low alloy steel considerably. For simplification, each of these alloys can be considered a mixture of hard carbide and hardened steel. The usual hardness tests tend to reflect chiefly the steel portion, indicating perhaps from 500 to 650 BHN. Even the Rockwell diamond cone indenter is too large to measure the hardness of the carbides a sharp diamond point with a light load must be used. The Vickers diamond pyramid indenter provides this, giving values around 1,100 for the iron carbide in Ni-Hard and 1,700 for the chromium carbide in HC 250. (These numbers have the same mathematical basis as the more common Brinell hardness numbers.) The microscopically revealed differences in carbide hardness accounts for the superior erosion resistance of these cast irons versus the hardened steels. 

Auxiliary lubrication and cooling systems checked Instrumentation and speed control checked No-load tests Light-load tests Gas-Engine Drivers... 

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