Subjective preference

Fluphenazine, a typical neuroleptic of the phenothi-azine class, has been less widely used for treatment of tics than haloperidol or pimozide. A controlled trial of haloperidol, fluphenazine, and trifluoperazine found comparable tic-reducing efficacy, but greater sedation and extrapyramidal side effects for haloperidol fluphenazine was the best tolerated (Borison et al., 1982). In an open-label trial with 21 subjects who had an unsatisfactory response to haloperidol, fluphenazine had a superior side effect profile to that of haloperidol in the dose range employed (mean dose of fluphenazine, 7 mg/day, range 2-15 mg/day) (Goetz et al., 1984). In this group selected for an unsatisfactory response to haloperidol, 11 of the 21 subjects (52%) had a better response to fluphenazine than haloperidol, 6 subjects had a comparable response, and 2 subjects preferred haloperidol. 

There are many comprehensive textbooks of biochemistry and molecular biology and no one book that can satisfy all needs. Different readers subjectively prefer different textbooks and hence we do not feel it would be particularly helpful to recommend one book over another. Rather we have listed some of the leading books which we know from experience have served their student readers well. 

The pharmacological effects of the R- and 5-enantiomers of ketamine have been compared in 11 subjects who received //-ketamine 0.5 mg and then 5-ketamine 0.15 mg, separated by 1 week (432). Before and after each drug administration they were subjected to a painful stimulus using a nerve stimulator applied to the right central incisor tooth. Pain suppression was equal with the two drugs. The subjects reported more unpleasant psychotomimetic effects with 5-ketamine and more pleasant effects with //-ketamine. Seven of eleven subjects preferred //-ketamine, while none preferred 5-ketamine. These results suggest that the neuropsychiatric effect of ketamine may be predominantly due to the 5-enantiomer, and that //-ketamine may be a better alternative. This study is in direct distinction to earlier work suggesting that //-ketamine is responsible for most of the undesirable neuropsychiatric side effects of ketamine. 

Phase 2. Candidate molecules satisfying the design constraints are reported to the human designer, who orders them using subjective preferences. 

The human-driven character of interactive design allows the use of (1) problem-specific subjective preferences, (2) informal, qualitatively stated scientific knowledge, (3) rapid evaluation of alternatives, and (4) evolutionary design of new molecules, starting from known and existing alternatives. It provides the designer with the following facilities ... 

The analysis by linear extensions is very attractive as it helps to derive a linear ranking, without any subjective preferences. The data lead to a poset, the poset may be analyzed with respect to its structure, this is a combinatorial problem, and finally a ranking probability can be derived. Crucially in this procedure is that very different attribute profiles may lead to the same Hasse diagram and thus to the same set of linear extensions and therefore finally to the same probability characteristics Thus, the attribute profiles a) (0,0), (1,0), (0,1), (1,1) and b) (0,0), (1,0), (0,5), (4,7) lead to identical Hasse diagrams. 

Notice that this system relies on not one information perspective, but three—the physical attributes of the product, such as the ability to moisturize the skin and the ease of product use consumers subjective preferences (visual, tactile, fragrance, and tacit beliefs) and the beliefs, values, and perceptions con-... 

Let us now examine in closer detail the three facets—objective product performance, subjective preference, and shared values—and what each entails. 

There are two effective and equally important ways of assessing subjective preference. The first method involves selecting panelists who match the target consumer population and having them participate in the preference testing of several prototypes of the product. The second method involves providing the product prototype to panelists they then smell it, shake it, use it, etc., and describe what they like or do not like about the product. 

Subjects prefer stating subjective probabilities with vague verbal expressions rather than precise numerical values (WaUsten et al. 1993), demonstrating that they are not necessarily overconfident in their predictions. ... 

The results showed that 72% of subjects preferred program A. The second set of subjects was given the same cover story, but worded in terms of costs, as given below ... 

It is uncertain whether the use of breath-actuated inhalers offer an advantage over the pMDI for patients with neurological deficits or other conditions that cause decreased hand strength. However, Chapman et al. (55) found that pMDI-familiar and pMDI-naive elderly subjects preferred a breath-actuated device over the pMDI. 

When subjects compared the regular gowns, more preferred the Baxter Optima than the others when the impervious gowns were compared, more subjects preferred the Gore prototype than the Evolution Specialty. 

When test animals were presented with choices between marks from males and from females, they preferred samples from males. This response was shown to marks from one or several donors and appears to be largely independent of the relative amounts of scent presented. The same response was shown when scents from several donors pooled in solvent were presented (Epple, 1973, 1974). Marks from intact males were preferred over those from castrates (Epple, 1979), but marks from castrated males were not discriminated from intact female marks (Epple, unpublished). When marks from males and females were presented under a screen, which made it impossible for the monkeys to contact the samples directly, the animals showed the same behavioral responses. This observation suggests that the male-female discrimination can be made on the basis of volatile constituents of the mark alone (Epple, 1978b). When voided urine only was presented, female subjects preferred urine from males over urine from females, but male subjects did not discriminate between the samples. The complex scent marks were highly preferred over voided urine from the same individual when a choice between them was given (Epple, 1978b). 

The classical notion of risk in decision theory is primarily modeled using utility theory. Utility theory assumes that people are rational and should choose the option that maximizes the expected utility, which is the product of probability and payoff. Utility theory also assumes that all risk probabilities and payoff are known to a point estimate but does not allow ambiguity, or a variant form of uncertainty. In reality, however, uncertainty does occur when risk probabilities or payoff is missing or unknown. The subjective expected utility (SEU) model of utility theory proposed by Savage [26] argues that people s subjective preferences and beliefs, rather than objective probabilities, are used in the evaluation of an uncertain prospect for decision making. The SEU model is based on a set of seven axioms designed for consistent and rational behavior. 

The evaluation consisted of a single session. The snbjects were asked to manipulate and taste the products in order to identify any non-hedonic attributes by which the samples could be discriminated and then to rank the samples on each of these attributes, with ties allowed. The number of attributes was left open. Subjects were told to proceed at their own pace. Some subjects preferred to first identify all discriminant attributes before ranking the samples, while others completed the task in a more integrated manner. It was also noted that one subject had to use scores on a draft as a raninder to facilitate the comparative evaluations, although most subjects directly ranked the prodncts on each attribute. 

Introducing a novel and general approach for multi-objective optimization named MOON, in this paper, we have implemented its algorithm as a Web based application. It is unnecessary for everyone to have any particular knowledge about MOP, and to prepare the particular computer environment. They need only a Web browser to submit their problem, and to indicate their subjective preference between the pair of trial solutions generated automatically by the system. Eventually, it can facilitate the decision making from a comprehensive point of view that should be required to pursue the sustainable development in proeess systems. An illustrative description outlines the proposed system and its usage. 

Figure 67 shows the subjects preferences with regard to monitor position. The most preferred positions were CMS 3 and CMS 2. More than half of the subjects... 

User Feedback Almost all subjects preferred MAT or MatLink for this task. They comment that they had a much higher level of confidence identifying if a visual cluster was a clique or not. However, several added that finding the largest clique was difficult without reordering the MAT to place sub-parts next to each other. Most reported that hnks were not useful, but several argued that links helped them find a member of the clique distant from the others in the representation. 

In debriefing interviews, 63.3% of the subjects stated that they preferred the agent advisor modality, followed by the text-only advice (16.7%) while 80% of the subjects preferred the text advice compared to audio and text. Their preference for the advisor modality was significant (Chi-Square = 37.3, df=4, p<0.001). Although they perceived the agent interface to be more attractive, most subjects (80%) suggested giving the advisor more personality to improve its social presence. 

This includes general conditions that may influence error probability without actually causing errors. Such factors will not appear directly in the causal chain of events, but may influence it by altering human limits with respect to capability, subjective preferences in the choice of mental strategies and goals. 

---