Geographic races

The overall usefulness of terpene data for defining geographical races is shown in the comparison of profiles of eastern and western white spruce (see von Rudloff, 1975, for specific citations). Leaf oil analysis revealed consistent differences in... 

Mabry, T. J. 1973. The chemistry of geographic races. Pure Appl. Chem. 34 377-400. 

Porter, L. J., Mues, R., Zinsmeister, H. D. and Brehm, B. G. 1976. Flavonoid variation in the hverwort Conocephalum conicum evidence for geographic races. Phytochemistry 15 147-150. 

Porter, L. J. 1981. Geographic races of Conocephalum (Marchantiales) as defined by flavonoid chemistry. Taxon 30 739-748. 

Two dozen geographic races of the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, have been recognized, adapted to a range of environments from the cold continental climate of Eastern Europe, through the moist temperate climate of the Atlantic seaboard, the warmth of the Mediterranean, and the heat of the tropics and semi-deserts. Only four of these races need be considered for apiculture in Europe, namely A. m. mellifera, A. m. ligustica, A. m. carnica, and A. m. caucasica which present different morphological and behavioral characteristics [2,3]. 

In summary, I have provided evidence that (1) the cactophilic habitat is separate from neighbouring yeast habitats, that (2) most species native to it are narrow endemics and that (3) those species with wider distributions are, in fact, asexual species consisting of a set of regionally based variant lineages (i.e. geographic races). Why are these microbes local and not ubiquitous The answer is found in their relationship with animals a relationship that results in the yeast s biogeography resembling that of their animal vectors. 

Markham, K. R., L. J. Porter, R. Mues, H. D. Zinsmeister, and B. G. Brehm Flavonoid Variation in the Liverwort Conocephalum conicum Evidence for Geographic Races. Phytochem. 15, 147 (1976). 

We tried to correlate the variations in the intensity of frost damages between stands and individuals to the geographic provenances of maritime pines. After the great fires of 19 9, three geographical races of maritime pine seeds were used for regeneration of stands mainly Aquitaine seeds (Aq) but also Portuguese and northwestern Spanish ones (lb) which have been sown pure or mixed (M) in many stands. 

Maritime pines which belong to different geographical races can be easily discriminated by the mean terpenic composition of oleoresin extracted from cortical tissues of their young shoots (Baradat et al., 1979). The origin of any pine stand in the natural area of Pinus pinaster can be identified by comparison with analyses made on stands of known origin. 

Rainey, F. 1946. Quinine hunters in Ecuador. National Geographic Magazine 89 341-363. Rajakaruna, N., Siddiqui, M. Y., Whitton, J., Bohm, B. A. and Glass, A. D. M. 2003. Differential responses to Na+/K+ and Ca2+/Mg2+ in two edaphic races of Lasthenia californica (Asteraceae) complex A case for parallel evolution of physiological traits. New Phytol. 

These observations clearly indicate that the disease is determined mostly by the environment and not by the race of the population. Since the geographic environment per se is ruled out, it seems that the cultural environment is the one that matters. 

It is a bacterial pathogen that causes common wilt. There are live races of Ralstonia solanacearum with different hosts and geographic distributions. Race 3 is found worldwide except in the United States and Canada. 

Driven since ancient times by folk beliefs, religious teachings, and social customs based on differences in physical appearance of various geographic populations, by the eighteenth century race became the subject of formal theoretical speculation and scientific investigation (Levi-Strauss, 1951 Smedley,... 

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