Aerosols atmospheric

Most of the non-gaseous impurities in ice were once atmospheric aerosols. Atmospheric aerosols raining onto an ice sheet are of two types primary aerosols, which are incorporated directly into the atmosphere as aerosols (these include continental dust and sea spray), and secondary aerosols which form in the atmosphere from gases. In addition to aerosol-derived impurities, some soluble gases in the atmosphere (HNO3 HCl, H2O2, and NH3) adsorb directly onto ice, and so are measured in a core... 

Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T, Hamer T (2007) Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 31 2289-2296... 

System 7, 9, 10. roots-rizosphere (VII) plants (VIII) their biological reactions— metabolism (VIII) soil-soil solution, air (IV) aerosols—atmospheric air (26, 28). In this system, the influence of metal-organic complexes on the plant development and their metabolism is considered. Under deficient or excessive contents of some chemical species, the metabolism may be destroyed (see Figure 2). 

System 13. soil-plant cycle soil-forming geological rocks (I) soil (IV) soil living matter (community of soil organisms) (V, VI, VII) aerosols, atmosphere air (12a, III) plants (VIII) their biological reactions, endemic diseases (VIII). In the complex system 13, the inner relationships and biochemical and biogeochemical mechanisms are shown for natural and agroecosystems. The system 11 and link IX show the ways for interrelation of system 13 with terrestrial animals. 

System 20. aquatic plants—bentos, plankton, coastal aquatic plants (XII) aquatic animals including bottom sediment invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, mammals, vertebrates, their biological reactions and endemic diseases (VIII) aerosols, atmospheric air (31, 32)—foodstuffs, forages (XV). Human poisoning through consumption of fish and other aquatic foodstuffs with excessive bioaccumulation of pollutants is the most typical example of biogeochemical migration and its consequences. 

Alpert D. J. Hopke, P. K. A Quantitative Determination of Sources in the Boston Urban Aerosol, Atmospheric Environ.,... 

Particles in the atmosphere arise from natural sources, such as windbome dust, sea spray and volcanoes, and from anthropogenic activities, such as combustion of fuels. Emitted directly as particles (primary aerosol) or formed in the atmosphere by gas-to-particle conversion processes (secondary aerosol), atmospheric aerosols are generally considered to be the particles that range in from a few nanometres to tens of micrometres in diameter [1]. 

Gelencser, A. (2004). Carbonaceous Aerosol, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, Springer, Dordrecht. 

Chock D.P. and Winkler S.L. (2000). A trajectory-grid approach for solving the condensation and evaporation equations of aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 34(18), 2957-2973. 

Whitby, K.T. (1978) The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 12, 135-59. 

Gases and aerosols (atmospheric, occluded in ice, clathrates in water bodies)... 

Friedlander, S. K 1978 A review of the dynamics of sulfate containing aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 12, 187-195. 

Xie YL, Hopke P, Paatero P, Barrie L, Li SM, Locations and preferred pathways of possible sources of Arctic aerosol, Atmospheric Environment, 1999b, 33, 2229-2239. 

The atmosphere is not only a mixture of gases. It also contains a variety of tiny liquid or solid particles, commonly referred to as aerosols. Atmospheric particulate matter may consist of a large variety of species in the lower stratosphere, however, the most abundant aerosol particles are composed of highly concentrated aqueous sulfuric acid droplets. In polar regions during winter, very sparse clouds, called polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are also observed. 

An approximation of the inhaled dose of aerosol can be obtained by reference to plots of deposition efliciency as a function of particle size, which shows total and regional deposition curves for particles of varying sizes in the species of interest. An accurate assessment of dose for vapor and aerosol atmospheres requires chemical analysis of tissues, or exposure to radioisotopically labeled materials, in conjunction with measurement of respiratory physiology variables. 

The Martian atmosphere is characterized by a small value of the optical thickness. Therefore polarization properties of the reflected light are formed both by the underlying surface and the gas-aerosol atmosphere. One fortunate exception occurs at phase angles near the inversion angle orf of the surface, where the resulting polarization P a-) is formed only by the Martian atmosphere. In modehng the first-order scattering, the expression for the observed Q value becomes... 

Although much emphasis has been placed on characterisation of the organic compounds in atmosphere, recent research suggests that a substantial fraction of both gas-phase and aerosol atmospheric organics have not been, or have very rarely been, determined. A major challenge in atmospheric chemistry research will be to elucidate the sources, structure, transformation and formation processes, and fate of the clearly ubiquitous, yet poorly constrained, organic atmospheric constituents. 

Paik, D. H., I.-R. Lee, D.-S. Yang, J. S. Baskin and A. H. Zewail (2004)Electrons in finitesized water cavities Hydration dynamics observed in real time. Science 306, 672-675 Pakkanen, T. A. (1996) Study of formation of coarse particle nitrate aerosol. Atmospheric Environment 30, 2475-2482... 

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