Analysis of coal oil

K. Rajeshwar, "Thermal Analysis of Coals, Oil Shales and Oil Sands," Thermochim. Acta 00 000 (1983). 

Providing structural information for sample components down to nanogram levels, TG/FT-IR applications include decomposition studies of polymers and laminates [ 123]. the analysis of coal, oil shales, and petroleum source rocks [124], [125], and the determination of activation energies [126] and thermal decomposition of energetic materials [127],... 

Shale Oil and Solvent-Refined Coal Materials. The analysis of shale oil and coal liquids was carried out by application of the procedure outlined in Figure 3. The proportions of the resulting fractions obtained from our sample of Laramie shale oil (Run 13) are shown in the shale oil portion of Figure 6. A preliminary characterization is presented in Table X. It should be noted that the compounds listed are similar to those described in earlier work with other shale oils and other separation methods (12). 

La Fleur, P. D. and D. Von Lehmden. Material distributed at Symposium on Trace Analysis of Coal, Fly Ash, Fuel Oil and Gasoline, Research Triangle Park, N.C., May 16-17,... 

As the United States begins to rely more on coal combustion and synfuel derived from fossil fuels, the composition of emissions from these sources may change with coal and shale that have high nitrogen contents, the amount of azaarenes is likely to increase. Ho et al. (27) have provided some preliminary analysis of shale oil and coal-derived oil on a weight percent basis. The neutral azaarene fraction accounted for 1.4% of the shale oil and 9.5% of the coal-... 

The latroscan TLC/FID MK-5 commercial apparatus is shown in Figure 8.7 Recent applications of rod TLC/FID include a quantitative method for compound class characterization of coal-tar pitch without previous fractionation (Ceb-oUa et al., 1996) analysis of four oil and condensate samples (Kabir et al., 1997) determination of polar lipids in spinach, flagellate, and dinoflagellate samples (Parrish et al., 1996) and analysis of mixtures of triglycerides and oleic acid (Peyrou et al., 1996). 

As previously indicated, in our functionalization studies, we have centered our attention on the vibrational characterization and detection of PAHs. They constitute a family of different chemical compounds with a condensed multibenzene structure. PAHs are important environmental pollutants formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat (79). PAHs can be found as a mixture of different related molecular compounds in air, soil and water due to both natural processes and the human activity. Because many of them have been reported to be strong carcinogens 20-23) it is important to find an effective and selective method for their trace analysis. 

Using microbore LC columns, a separation method was developed for a series of weakly basic cyclic and noncyclic secondary amines, which were identified as components of coal-derived solvents. As shown in another study, using normal HPLC on silica gel with Freon-113 elution, model mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar constituents can be separated in coal-liquefaction process solvents. Encouraging results were obtained on both semipreparative (4.6 mm i.d.) and microbore (1 mm i.d.) columns. According to further reports, carbamate pesticides, polymer additives and solvent-refined coal were analysed, and the components of bergamot oil can be identified. GPC/FT-IR can be used to detect components of cold-rolling oil and to analyse polymers, whereas SEC/FT-IR can be applied to the analysis of coal liquids and to improve detection and identification of proteins. 

Compositional analysis is concerned with determining structural relationships in the molecules present in a sample. Inhared spectroscopy is the most commonly used tool for qualitative chemical analysis of viscous oils. Descriptions and tables of characteristic absorbance for a variety of organic functional groups are readily available in many textbooks. Techniques for quantitative anal3rsis for many additives and some hydrocarbon types are available, although few have been issued as ASTM standards. Reports on new methods are commonly reported in the chemistry literature. To locate information on new analytical methods, a most useful reference is the bi-aimual Application Review published by the American Chemical Society. These have appeared recently in the June 15 issue of Analytical Chemistry in odd-numbered years. Recent reviews cover coal, crude oil, shale oil, heavy oils (natural and refined), lubricants, natural gas, and refined products and source rocks. Extensive references to original research papers are provided. A complimentary Fundamental Review covering the basic analytical techniques is published in even-numbered years. 

Multidimensional chromatography has also been applied for the analysis of industrial chemicals and related samples. Industrial samples which have been analyzed by multidimensional chromatography include coal tar, antiknock additives in gasoline (3), light hydrocarbons (4, 5), trihaloalkanes and trihaloalkenes in industrial solvents (6-8), soot and particulate extracts, and various industrial chemicals that might be present in gasoline and oil samples. 

Typical element analysis of some coals compared with a crude oil ... 

The analysis of geochemical liquids such as crude oils, hydrothermal bitumens, extracts of coals, and host rocks containing dispersed organic matter or pyrolysates... 

Gruson, J. F., Gachadouat, S., Maisonnier, G. and Saniere, A. (2005). Prospective Analysis of the Potential Non-conventional World Oil Supply Tar Sands, Oil Shales and Non-conventional Liquid Fuels from Coal and Gas. Technical Report EUR 22168. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) and Institut Frangais du Petrole (IFP). 

The concentration of anthracene in coal tar and the maximum concentration reported in groundwater at a mid-Atlantic coal tar site were 5,000 and 0.02 mg/L, respectively (Mackay and Cschwend, 2001). Based on laboratory analysis of 7 coal tar samples, anthracene concentrations ranged from 400 to 8,600 ppm (EPRI, 1990). A high-temperature coal tar contained anthracene at an average concentration of 0.75 wt % (McNeil, 1983). Lehmann et al. (1984) reported an anthracene concentration of 34.8 mg/g in a commercial anthracene oil. 

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