Environmental compatibility

Environmental Applications. Hydrogen peroxide is an ecologically desirable poUution-control agent because it yields only water or oxygen on decomposition. It has been used in increasingly greater amounts to convert domestic and industrial effluents to an environmentally compatible state... 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), which offers excellent properties at potentially lower cost, is finding wider use as a raw material component and meeting increasing demands for environmentally compatible resins (see POLYESTERS,THERMOPLASTIC Recycling, PLASTICS). 

Corrosion inhibitors are substances which slow down or prevent corrosion when added to an environment in which a metal usually corrodes. Corrosion inhibitors are usually added to a system in small amounts either continuously or intermittently. The effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors is partiy dependent on the metals or alloys to be protected as well as the severity of the environment. For example, the main factors which must be considered before apphcation of a corrosion inhibitor to an aqueous system are the compatibility of the inhibitor and the metal(s), the salt concentration, the pH, the dissolved oxygen concentration, and the concentration of interfering species such as chlorides or metal cations. In addition, many inhibitors, most notably chromates, are toxic and environmental regulations limit use. Attention is now being given to the development of more environmentally compatible inhibitors (37). 

What can drive the switch from existing homogeneous processes to novel ionic liquids technology One major point is probably a higher cost-effectiveness. This can result from improved reaction rates and selectivity, associated with more efficient catalyst recovery and better environmental compatibility. 

In a continuous model river test system it can be shown that after passage through a sewage treatment plant ester sulfonates have no significant influence on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the biocenosis of a receiving water [113]. All the investigations into the environmental fate of a-sulfo fatty acid esters demonstrate that aquatic toxicity is alleviated by their fast ultimate biodegradability, which allows them to be classified as environmentally compatible. 

These properties were used to synthesize an organic cation (Table 17-10) with a higher efficiency as a clay stabilizer than the typical salts used in the oil industry to this point. These additives provide additional benefits when used in conjunction with acidizing and fracturing treatments. A much lower salt concentration can be used to obtain the same clay-stabilizing effectiveness [830, 833]. The liquid product has been proven to be much easier to handle and transport. It is environmentally compatible and biodegradable in its diluted form. 

Dyckman, E. J. Montemarano, J. A. In Antifouling Organometallic Polymers Environmentally Compatible Materials, Report No. 4186, Naval Ship R D Center, Bethesda, MD, 1974. 

The environmental compatibility of silicone softeners is generally favourable [495,496]. The discussion here concerns only the silicone component of the formulation and not the supporting emulsifying system. For the most part this is nonionic, preferably based on linear ethoxylated fatty alcohols, although alkylphenol ethoxylates are still used in some countries [496]. The salient points regarding the environmental influence of silicones can be summarised as follows ... 

Many essential transformations of carbohydrates regularly employ toxic and corrosive reagents, such as Lewis acids and strong mineral acids. Hence, the use of zeolites and related porous solids as catalysts in such reactions affords a practical and environmentally compatible alternative to the standard protocols. 

K. Toshima, N. Miyamoto, G. Matsuo, M. Nakata, and S. Matsumura, Environmentally compatible C-glycosidation of glycals using montmorillonite K-10, Chem. Commun., 11 (1996) 1379-1380. 

Muradov, N. et al., Environmentally compatible processing of residual oil with simultaneous hydrogen production, in Energy and Environmental Progress, Vol. D, Veziroglu, N., Ed., Nova Science, New York, 105,1991. 

The study initiated by the EEA (2006) aims at determining the environmentally compatible bioenergy potential. That means that a number of environment criteria... 

Industrial Development and Application of Biobased Oleochemicals Table 4.1 Evaluation of environmental compatibility of chemicals. 

Evaluation Comparison PEC vs. PNEC PEC < PNEC environmentally compatible... 

It should be pointed out that many biphasic systems have found their way into the chemical industry, starting from PTC and continuous flow (CF) processes. The reasons are that efficiency can be increased (rates, selectivity, energy requirements, reaction intensification), making them more economic and often more environmentally compatible, in short, more sustainable. 

Increase thermostability and environmental compatibility Increase specificity and activity Develop thermophilic enzymes screen for new microbes clone and overexpress in industrial hosts site-direct mutagenesis... 

More environmentally compatible textile auxiliary agents... 

The innovations described are, however, beyond fulfilling limit values. Reducing waste costs, technology leadership and the image gain related to this are the objectives of the pioneering enterprises, which implement environmentally compatible innovations in this area despite high investments and risks. 

For the regeneration of ATP, we chose the system based in the use of acetyl phosphate as final phosphoryl donor because this affords several advantages (i) acetyl phosphate is easily obtained by acylation of phosphoric acid with acetic anhydride in ethyl acetate [24], and (ii) the resulting sodium acetate is a non-toxic and an environmentally compatible compound. However, this regeneration system is quite sensitive to pH changes. Thus, a continuous adjustment of the pH to 7.5 is needed to maintain the proper operation of the system. Perhaps the main aspect of this approach is that the DHAP must be formed at the same rate as it is consumed by the aldolase. To avoid the accumulation of DHAP and minimize its non-enzymatic degradation, fine tuning of the aldolase/DHAK activities is needed. This adjustment must be experimentally optimized for some acceptors. 

The emerging markets require low-cost and environmentally compatible vehicles. 

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