Refining equipment

An old variation of the conversion type is a catalytic combination unit. Development of this scheme was necessitated by the rising cost of refinery construction after World War II and by the great demand for capital for postwar expansion. The scheme reduced the investment and operating costs for refining equipment. The basic feature of the combination unit lies in the integration of the fractionation facilities of the reduced crude distillation and catalytic cracking sections. 

Corrosion and scale deposition are the two most costly problems in oil industries. Corrodible surfaces are found throughout production, transport, and refining equipment. The Corrosion and Scale Handbook gives an overview of corrosion problems and methods of corrosion prevention [159]. 

Petroleum refining also produces substantial amounts of carbon dioxide, which with hydrogen sulfide, corrode refining equipment, harm catalysts, pollute the atmosphere, and prevent the use of hydrocarbon components in petrochemical manufacture. When the amount of hydrogen sulfide is high, it may be removed from a gas stream and converted to sulfur or sulfuric acid. Some natural gases contain sufficient carbon dioxide to warrant recovery as dry ice. 

Salts form scale which can foul refining equipment. Under refining conditions, salts can break down to liberate acids during processing. If the NaCl expressed salt content of crude oil is greater than 30 ppm, the crude oil must be desalted before processing. 

Higher-molecular-weight polynuclear aromatics can cause problems during processing of crude. They are known to contribute to deposit formation and fouling of refining equipment and fuel combustion furnaces. Also, some polynuclear aromatic compounds found in crude oil have been determined to be human carcinogens. 

Other factors indicated m the data of Tables 1 and 2 include Pour Point—defined as the lowest temperature at which the material will pour and a function of the composition of the oil in terms of waxiness and bitumen content Salt Content—which is not confined to sodium chloride, but usually is interpreted in terms of NaCl Salt is undesirable because of the tendency to obstruct fluid flow, to accumulate as an undesirable constituent of residual oils and asphalts, and a tendency of certain salt compounds to decompose when heated, causing corrosion of refining equipment Metals Content—heavy metals, such as vanadium, nickel, and iron, tend to accumulate in the heavier gas oil and residuum fractions where the metals may interfere with refining operations, particularly by poisoning catalysts. The heavy metals also contribute to the formation of deposits on heated surfaces in furnaces and boiler fireboxes, leading to permanent failure of equrpment, interference with heat-transfer efficiency, and increased maintenance. 

Crude Distillation. To minimize corrosion of refining equipment, a crude-oil distillation unit generally is preceded by a desalter, which reduces the inorganic salt conrent of raw crudes. Salt concentrations vary widely (from nearly zero to several hundred pounds, expressed as NaCI per... 

The acquisition of kinetic data and parameter estimation can be at quite a sophisticated level, particularly for solid catalytic reactions statistical design of experiments, refined equipment, computer monitoring of data acquisition, and statistical evaluation of the data. Two papers are devoted to this topic by Hofmann (in Chemical Reaction Engineering ACS Advances in Chemistry, 109, 519-534 [1972] in de Lasa, ed.. Chemical Reactor Design and Technology, Martinus Nijhoff 1985, pp. 69-105). 

The raw material for CLA production must be a material that is rich in linoleic acid. This product could be in the triacylglycerol form, fatty acids or fatty acid esters. The concentration of CLA in the final product is directly dependent on the level of linoleic acid in the starting material. The highest level of linoleic acid available from botanical sources is not available in commercial products. Extraction and refining equipment would be required to obtain oils with the highest linoleic acid levels. Table 1 lists the commercial and noncommercial sources of oil and fatty acids that are known to be rich in linoleic acid and their availability as TAGs and fatty acids. 

The fine ground chocolate powder or paste is conveyed into refining equipment where the rest of the cocoa butter, emulsifying agent (lecithin) and the flavourings are added. 

The presence of corrosive mineral salts in solution in the water leads to fast deterioration of petroleum pumps and oil refining equipment. The presence of up to 0.1% of water in petroleum leads to intensive foam formation in the rectification tower of oil refineries. This results in an alteration of the technological scheme for oil processing. Besides, it also affects the condensation equipment. 

This scheme maximizes the use of existing solvent refining equipment and the solvent dewax unit if wax production is profitable. Alternatively, solvent dewaxing can be replaced by wax isomerization, which improves dewaxing yields to 85% to 97% and gives a VI uplift of 4 to 10 units. 

Sepacorr . [BASF AG] Nitrogen-containing crmdensate corrosion inhibitor for crude oil production and refining equipment. 

Uses Corrosion inhibitor in household cleaners, ceramic tile cleaners, bowl cleaners, petrol, refining equip., HCI sol ns. for industrial cleaning and oil-well acidizing detergent, dispersant for scales in refinery systems surface-active film-former Trade Name Synonyms Polyrad 0515 [Hercules http //WWW. here, com]... 

Total productive maintenance (TPM)—Preventive maintenance plus continuing efforts to adapt, modify, and refine equipment to increase flexibility, reduce material handling, and promote continuous flows. It is operator-oriented maintenance with the involvement of all qualified employees in all maintenance activities. 

Factors Influencing the Design of Zone Refining Equipment... 

Finally, testing with a three-roll mill and simplex single-worm and simplex twin-worm refiners is essential. Only testing for adeqnate color dispersion, surface roughness, plasticity, and temperature assure the proper selection of refining equipment. 

Heat resistance good mechanical properties at moderately elevated temperatures. Heat exchangers, petroleum-refining equipment. 

Safety, security concerns growing challenges for refineries and contractors. Oil Gas Journal (March 2007). http //www.ogj.com/articles/prinl/volume 105/issue 12/supplement tO Oil gas joumal/technology forum refining equipment services/safety security concems growing challenge for refiners contractors.html. 

Purity of the fraction collected, as Table 14.2 clearly shows, and random analyses of food waste indicate the excellent quality of organic material collected. The level of purity allows adoption of relatively simplified screening/ refining equipment at compost sites (which decreases costs and reduces the total amount of rejected materials) and ensures production of a high-quality compost. Usually, where schemes with collection at the doorstep are being run, the purity (percentage of compostable materials inside the collected food waste) ranges between 95-99%. 

KiOR A process for converting biomass, such as wood waste, into crude oil using standard petroleum refining equipment. Piloted in Columbus, MS, from 2010. A demonstration plant was completed in 2012. 

Refined equipment is necessary to generate and measure the reflected light beam. Surface conditions are also critical. Although this may be an interesting tool for mechanistic studies in the laboratory, it is not presently useful for rapid laboratory or field evaluation if inhibitors. 

FIG. 58 A laboratory scale system of the zone refining equipment used in the Environmental Production Engineermg Lab of Kadoma, Japan, to verify and evaluate the feasibility of the technique. (Courtesy of Panasonic.)... 

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