Maximum viscosity

The viscosity of sodium algiaate solutioas is slightly depressed by the additioa of moaovaleat salts. As is frequeatly the case with polyelectrolytes, the polymer ia solutioa coatracts as the ionic strength of the solution is increased. The maximum viscosity effect is obtained at about 0.1 N salt concentration. 

The MacMichael viscometer is probably the most straightforward rotatioaal viscometer. The outer cup rotates and the inner cylinder is suspended from a torsion wire. The drag on the inner cylinder is measured as degree of twist on the wire. Wires of different stiffness are available, and the maximum viscosity is ca 10 mPa-s. The shear rate range is limited, ca 2-12, but with modification, higher shear rates can be attained. The iastmment is best... 

Polymers need activating by rapid agitation before use. They are more readily activated in soft, warm water (35-40 °C maximum). Maximum viscosity is reached after an aging time of 2 to 4 hours. 

The contact ratios for lubricants with different viscosities are plotted in Fig. 37 as a function of speed. The decreasing rates vary significantly due to the difference in viscosities. For the maximum viscosity of tested oil 13606 (100 mm /s), the decreasing rate of contact ratio with speed is highest, and the contact ratio becomes zero at the speed lower than 2 mm/s. For the lower viscosity of lubricants such as oil... 

On cooking maize starch the viscosity increases when the starch begins to gelatinise. As the temperature rises towards 95°C the viscosity falls. When the paste is cooled the viscosity rapidly increases. The variation of viscosity with temperature is characteristic for each different origin of starch. Potato starch, for example, has a lower gelatinisation temperature than maize starch but has a higher maximum viscosity. When cooled the viscosity of potato starch rises less. Once again amylopectin starches do not show this behaviour as they do not gel. 

Also plotted is the viscosity variation with HCl added for 0.2 M C14DAO. Maximum viscosity is observed when half of the amine oxide molecules are in the cationic form. However, in the absence of NaOH the change in viscosity with HCl added is... 

Marine diesel oil (MDO) Grades DMB and DMC Grade DMB is blended from gas oils and a trace amount of residual oil. It has a minimum cetane number of 35 and a maximum viscosity of 11 cSt 104°F (40°C). Grade DMC is blended from gas oil components and up to 10% residual oil. It has a minimum cetane number of 35 and a maximum viscosity of 14 cSt 104°F (40°C). Marine diesel oil is used in both high-speed and medium-speed engines. 

Marine residual fuels bunker fuel oil Grades ISO RMA through RML marine residual fuel and bunker fuel are blended from components such as atmospheric resid, vacuum resid, visbreaker resid, FCC bottoms, low-grade distillate, and cracked components. Bunker fuel has a maximum viscosity of 550 cSt 122°F (50°C), density of 0.990 g/cc, and sediment of 0.1 wt%. ISO marine fuel oil viscosities range from 10 to 55 cSt 212°F (100°C). These fuels are used in slow-speed diesel engines and boilers. 

The fluid must not exceed a definite maximum viscosity at the lowest ambient temperature so that the pump can induct the fluid under an ambient of, say, 4 inches of mercury (46,000-foot altitude), and the resistance to flow in the pipes be kept sufficiently low. 

Viscosity. Viscosity and solubility may be the two most important characteristics of an encapsulation matrix ingredient. The increase in solids to the dryer at a constant solids/flavor ratio can greatly increase the economic efficiency of an operation. Most processing systems have a maximum viscosity at which they can operate. Proper atomization may also affect the flavor retention (Reineccius and Bangs 1985). The low viscosity of maltodextrins and corn syrup solids is shown in Figure 2. The viscosity of these products... 

The Delta Mooney (A Mooney) test is an extension of the Mooney used on empirical grounds as a general indication of processibility for non-pigmented oil extended emulsion styrene/butadiene rubber. It quantifies the changes that occur in Mooney viscosity with time, either as the difference between viscosities recorded at two specified times or as the difference between the minimum viscosity recorded immediately after the commencement of the test and the subsequent maximum viscosity. Several alternative Delta Mooney values are defined depending on the times, whether minimum/maximum viscosity difference is used and whether or not the sample has been massed on a mill. Procedures for Delta Mooney are standardised in ISO 289-341, BS 903 Part A58-142 and in ASTM D334643. 

Let us consider now the effect of flow retardation in extension under constant force 25). The above-mentioned experiments wer,e carried out with low-density polyethylene at 125 °C and with polyisobutylene 11-20 at 44 °C. It should be noted right away that at the above-specified temperatures these melts have approximately similar characteristics under shear strain maximum viscosity is t) 3x 105 Pa s and relaxation time is 0 102 s. Flow curves in the investigated region of shear strain velocities also did not differ significantly from one another. 

Fig. 16. Maximum viscosity versus periodic strain velocity e...

Biliaderis, 1989 Oomah and Mazza, 1998b). Flaxseed gum exhibited good foam stability at a level of 1% and maximum viscosity at pH 6.0-8.0 (Mazza and Biliaderis, 1989). Oomah and Mazza (1998b) reported that lipid removal significantly increased apparent viscosity values of flaxseed gum. Furthermore, viscosity of seed, cake, and flake samples was significantly related to protein (r = 0.97) and carbohydrate (r = 0.91) fractions, which were related to mucilage fraction of the seed. 

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