3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

MDMA is metabolized to MDA with 65% of the dose excreted as parent drug within 3 days. Both MDMA and MDA are hydroxylated to mono- and di-hydroxy derivatives and subsequently conjugated before elimination. The plasma half-life has been reported to be 7.6 h.10 

If MDMA is co-administered with ethanol, as 100 mg plus 0.8 g/kg ethanol, plasma concentrations of the former demonstrate a 13% increase compared with MDMA administered alone.21 Plasma concentrations of ethanol decreased 9 to 15% after MDMA administration (n = 9). 

Physicians Desk Reference 2005. Medical Economics Data, a division of Medical Economics Company, Inc., p. 1315, Montvale, NJ. 

Baylor, M.R. and Crouch, D.J., Sympathomimetic amines pharmacology, toxicology, and analysis. In-service training and continuing education AACC/TDM, American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc., Washington, D.C., 14(5), 101-111, 1993. 

Beckett, A.H. and Rowland, M., Urinary excretion kinetics of amphetamine in man, 3. Pharm. Pharmacol., 17, 628-639, 1965. 

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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA ecstasy) is a synthetic analog of amphetamine that produces hallucinations, an elevation in mood, and a feeling of emotional closeness . This latter property has led to Ecstasy being referred to as the hug drag . The unique properties of Ecstasy as compared to the parent compound amphetamine are believed to be due to the more selective effects of Ecstasy in promoting transporter-mediated release of serotonin. The use of Ecstasy has become a part of the culture associated with rave style dance parties. 

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known by the street names ecstasy, XTC, X, Adam, clarity, and lover s speed, was synthesized in 1914 as an appetite suppressant but was never marketed. In the early 1970s, it appeared on the U.S. drug scene under various street names. More recently, the name ecstasy has become synonymous fot MDMA, even in the scien-... 

Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder what do we know after 30 years Drug Alcohol Depend 69 109—119, 2003 Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr, Sherwood AR, et al Residual neuropsychological effects of illicit 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in individuals with minimal exposure to other drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 7 149-152, 2004 Hatrick JA, Dewhurst K Delayed psychosis due to LSD. Lancet 2 742-744, 1970... 

Ricaurte GA, McCann UD, Szabo Z, et al Toxicodynamics and long-term toxicity of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy ). Toxicol Lett 112-113 143-146, 2000 Robinson TN, Killen JD, Taylor CB, et al Perspectives on adolescent substance use a defined population study. JAMA 258 2072-2076, 1987 Rubinstein JS Abuse of antiparkinson drugs feigning of extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain trihexyphenidyl. JAMA 239 2365, 1978 Rumack BH (ed) LSD, in Poisindex, Vol 54. Denver, CO, Micromedex, 1987 Rusyniak DE, Banks ML, Mills EM, et al Dantrolene use in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( ecstasy )-medicated hyperthermia (letter). Anesthesiology 10 263, 2004... 

McGuire PK, Cope H, Fahy TA Diversity of Psychopathology associated with use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( Ecstasy ). Br J Psychiatry 165 391—395, 1994 Miotto K, Roth B GHB Withdrawal. Austin, TX, Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2001. Available at http //www.tcada.state.tx.us/research/popula-tions/GHB Withdrawal.pdf. Accessed Fehruary 28, 2003. 

Reich DL, Silvay G Ketamine an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience. Can J Anaesth 36 186—197, 1989 Ricaurte GA, Forno LS, Wilson MA, et al (+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine selectively damages central serotonergic neurons in nonhuman primates. JAMA 260 51-55, 1988... 

Ricaurte GA, Yuan J, McCann UD +/- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( ecstasy )-induced serotonin neurotoxicity studies in animals. Neuropsychobiology 42 5-10, 2000... 

Sprague JE, Everman SL, Nichols DE An integrated hypothesis for the serotonergic axonal loss induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Neurotoxicology 19 427-A41, 1998... 

Siuciak, JA, Clark, MS, Rind, HB, Whittemore, SR and Russo, AF (1998) BDNF induction of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA levels in the rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 52 149-158. Sprague, JE, Everman, SL and Nichols, DE (1998) An integrated hypothesis for the serotonergic axonal loss induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Neuro toxicology 19 427-A42. Stock, MJ (1997) Sibutramine a review of the pharmacology of a novel anti-obesity agent. Int. J. Obesity 21 (Suppl 1) S25-S29. 

There is virtually no one who is involved in drug abuse research, or who studies the properties of recreationally used drugs, that is not by now familiar with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (figure 1). Over the past 4 years this substance, usually referred to in the popular press as Ecstasy, has received widespread media attention. This chapter will relate recent findings with respect to the potential dangers attendant on the use of MDMA and explore its pharmacological properties. 

Evans, S.M., and Johanson, C.E. Discriminative stimulus properties of ( )-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and ( )-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine in pigeons. Drug Alcohol Depend 18 159-164, 1986. 

Steele, T.D. Nichols, D.E. and Yim, G.K.W. Stereochemical effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and related amphetamine derivatives on inhibition of uptake of [ H]-monoamines into synaptosomes from different regions of rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol 36 2297-2303, 1987. 

Recent controversy about the recreational abuse and potential therapeutic use of designer drugs has focused attention on MDA (methylenedioxyampheta-mine HCl) and structurally related phenylisopropylamine compounds, including MDMA istructural analogs of the psychomotor stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline, and produce stimulant and/or hallucinogenic effects (Shulgin 1978). 

Peroutka, S.J. Newman, H. and Harris, H. Subjective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users. Neuropsychopharmacology l(4) 273-277, 1988. 

Gold, L.H. Koob, G.F. and Geyer, M.A. Stimulant and hallucinogenic behavioral profiles of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE) in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247 547-555, 1988. 

Mokler, DJ. Robinson, S.E. and Rosecrans, J.A. ( )3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produees long-term reductions in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 138 265-268, 1987. 

Stone, D.M. Merchant, K.M. Hanson, G.R. and Gibb, J.W. Immediate and long-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on serotonin pathways in brain of rat. Neuropharmacology 26 1677-1683, 1987b. 

When 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or MDA was administered to rats in a single dose, TPH activity was markedly depressed. 

The drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methyl-enedioxyamphetamine (MDA) are ring-substituted derivatives of methamphetamine and amphetamine, respectively. These methylenedioxy-substituted amphetamines have been reported to exhibit both stimulant and psychotomimetic properties (Anderson et al. 1978 Braun et al. 1980 ... 

Battaglia, G. Yeh, S.Y. O Heam Kuhar, M.J. Molliver, M.E. and De Souza, E.B. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylene-dioxyamphetamine destroy serotonin terminals in rat brain Quantification of neurodegeneration by measurement of [ HJparoxetine-labeled serotonin uptake sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242 911-916, 1987. 

Battaglia, G. Brooks, B.P. Kulsakdinun, C. and De Souza, E.B. Pharmacologic profile of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites. Eur J Pharmacol 149 159-163, 1988. 

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