Toxicity Long term

Upper LEVEL 1 Chronic toxicity Toxicity in soil and plants Additional mutagenicity Long-term toxicity Bioaccumulation Inherent biodegradability Additional abiotic degradability 100 t/annum or 500 t cumulative... 

Additional chronic toxicity Additional environmentally dangerous properties Toxicity to birds Long-term toxicity in water and soil Degradability simulation tests Additional abiotic degradability Mobility in water, soil and air cumulative... 

Toxicity. Injection of aq Na perchlorate into rabbits caused no long term toxic effects. It behaved as a mild muscular poison, and large doses caused liver damage and diarrhea. Goldfish will live indefinitely in a 0.1% soln, but a 1% soln will cause asphyxia (Ref 4)... 

A distinct dependence between LAS alkyl chain length and the chronic or long-term toxicity is also shown (see Table 22) [290,291]. As can be seen, the ecotoxicity of LAS for fishes and daphnia increase significantly with increasing alkyl chain length of the LAS homolog. 

The acute toxicity of ester sulfonates is mainly related to the length of the carbon chain of the fatty acid. The acute fish toxicity of tallow-based ester sulfonates is relatively high (LC0 = 0.4-0.9 mg/L) compared with coconut-based ester sulfonates (LC0 — 46 mg/L) [113]. In spite of this relatively high fish toxicity of the long-chain ester sulfonates both acute and long-term toxic effects can be excluded for normal environmental conditions. For example, the sum of all anionic surfactants in German rivers is stable on a level far below... 

Ricaurte GA, McCann UD, Szabo Z, et al Toxicodynamics and long-term toxicity of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy ). Toxicol Lett 112-113 143-146, 2000 Robinson TN, Killen JD, Taylor CB, et al Perspectives on adolescent substance use a defined population study. JAMA 258 2072-2076, 1987 Rubinstein JS Abuse of antiparkinson drugs feigning of extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain trihexyphenidyl. JAMA 239 2365, 1978 Rumack BH (ed) LSD, in Poisindex, Vol 54. Denver, CO, Micromedex, 1987 Rusyniak DE, Banks ML, Mills EM, et al Dantrolene use in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( ecstasy )-medicated hyperthermia (letter). Anesthesiology 10 263, 2004... 

The dramatic decrease in the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individnals in the last decade, due to the wide use of HAART, has been somewhat tempered by the emergence of mid-long term toxicities. A characteristic body fat redistribntion and metabolic changes, inclnding dyslipidemia and insnlin resistance, are amongst the most prevalent and worrisome consequences (Carr et al. 2003). As HIV-infected individnals have increasing life expectancies, the risk for cardiovascnlar complications has emerged as an important canse of morbidity and mortality and preventive measnres should be considered to minimize their impact (Weber et al. 2006). 

European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), six in vitro systems for chronic neurotoxicity testing are recommended for further consideration (Worth and Balls 2002). These are described as in vitro models that may be suitable for long-term toxicity testing. The systems are... 

Gannt, I.F, Butterwoth, K.R., and Grasso, P., Long-term toxicity study of emulsifier YN in the mouse. Food Cosm. Toxicol, 15, 1, 1977. 

The safety factor scale takes into account the volatility as well as the toxicity of the substance. It is an acute intoxication factor. As a result, the long term toxicity of benzene, which is carcinogenic, is hardly taken into account. This is a variant of the author s approach. 

ANSWER Elaine Sanders-Bush has done those, and the enantiomers do differ, but the enantiomers also differ in half-life, and it is probable that the difference in long-term toxicity is simple because of that differenee in half-life. 

Judicious selection of treatment options to avoid long-term toxicity because patients may require several different chemotherapy treatment regimens over a period of years for low-grade NHL... 

In the field of organic phosphorus compounds there is a wealth of highly toxic compounds from which to pick a potential insecticide. The ultimate choice will be based not only on toxicity to a certain group of insect species, but on volatility, stability, safety in handling and applying, and freedom from plant injury, spray-residue and translocation hazards, and long-term toxicity to man and animals. 

D. Arnold, C. Moodie, and H. Grice, Long term toxicity of ortho-toluene sulfonamide and sodium saccharin in the rat, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 52, 113 (1980). 

Fowler BA, Kimmel CA, Woods JS, et al. 1980. Chronic low-level lead toxicity in the rat III. An integrated assessment of long-term toxicity with special reference to the kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 56 59-77. 

Toxicity studies are carried out on all putative new drugs, largely via testing in animals, in order to ascertain whether the product exhibits any short-term or long-term toxicity. 

Long-term toxicity to other soil invertebrates... 

Adverse health effects from long-term toxicity studies. 

Rao, G.N. and Huff, J. (1990). Refinement of long-term toxicity and carcinogenesis studies. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15 33-43. 

The long-term toxicities of concern are opportunistic infections, lymphoproli-ferative disorders, and immunogenicity, manifesting as tachyphylaxis and/or allergic reactions. Preclinical approaches which serve to identify these as potential hazards to humans of a biologic drug moiety are thus needed. 

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