Subjective effects

This subject effects designers since many products have the requirement by regulations or otherwise to use recycled plastics. Different methods are used to recycle materials to provide plastics with a continuing life. Method used is influenced by factors such as costs, quantity involved, weight involved, size and shape, complexity of mixed types of plastics, extended of contamination such as metallic particles, continued availability of material, etc. (Recognize that they can also be used as energy sources through incineration that can be combined with production of electricity and/or hot water for example). 

Orzack MH, Cole JO, lonescu-Pioggia M, et al A comparison of some subjective effects of prazepam, diazepam, and placebo. NIDA Res Monogr 41 309-317, 1982... 

Wachtel SR, El Sohly MA, Ross SA, et al Comparison of the subjective effects of deltaO-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology... 

Cami J, FarreM, Mas M, etal. Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine ( ecstasy ) psychomotor performance and subjective effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20 455 66, 2000... 

No systematic studies of tolerance to the reinforcing effects of inhaled nitrites have been reported. However, anecdotal observations in workers with high exposure to nitrites have suggested that tolerance to the subjective effects of this compound occurs after a few days of exposure (Marsh and Marsh... 

We have talked with people who participated in our study over the last year. As you know, many of them have experimented with a wide variety of psychoactive drugs, including MBDB. When asked about MBDB their response seems to be lukewarm in terms of how it compares to subjective effects, and whether these effects are comparable to those of MDMA. Is that accurate ... 

In humans, MDA and MDMA have been reported to produce positive mood changes, enhanced emotional awareness, and improved interpersonal communication (Greer and Tolbert 1986 Downing 1986 Shulgin 1986 Peroutka et al. 1988). Because of these psychotropic effects, MDA and MDMA have been used in psychotherapeutic situations (Naranjo et al. 1967 Yensen et al. 1976 Grinspoon and Bakalar 1986). In addition, presumably because of the same positive subjective effects, recreational use of MDMA on college campuses has increased in recent years (Peroutka et al. 1988). 

In a summary of the human abuse literature on anorectic phenylethylamines, Griffiths et al. (1979) found there was a good correlation between the results of self-administration studies in animals and information about the subjective effects and abuse in man. Specifically, amphetamine, diethyl-propion, and phenmetrazine have been associated with numerous clinical case reports involving abuse, and these three compounds as well as benz-phetamine and /-ephedrine have shown similar subjective effects in drug abuser populations (Griffiths et al. 1979). In addition, fenfluramine was associated with low incidence of abuse in humans and did not maintain self-injection responding in animals. Chlorphentermine was similarly associated with low incidence of abuse in man, but did not maintain selfinjection uniformly in animals (Griffiths et al. 1979). 

Peroutka, S.J. Newman, H. and Harris, H. Subjective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users. Neuropsychopharmacology l(4) 273-277, 1988. 

While brain serotonin systems may play a key role in mediating some of the effects of MDMA on analgesia and body temperature as well as in the reported anxiolytic-like and mood-altering subjective effects of the drug, additional neurotransmitter systems may contribute to some of the unique subjective experiences reported for MDMA and other drugs in this class. 

Javaid, J.I. Fischman. M.W. Schuster, C.R. Dekirmenjian, H. and Davis, J.M. Cocaine plasma concentration Relation to physiological and subjective effects in humans. Science 202 227-228, 1978. 

Haertzen, C.A. Subjective effects of narcotic antagonists cycla-zocine and nalorphine on the addition research center inventory (ARCI). Psvchopharmacoloaia 81 366-377, 1970. 

Clubley, M., Bye, C. E., Henson, T. A., Peck, A. W. and Riddington, C. J., Effects of caffeine and cyclizine alone and in combination on human performance, subjective effects and EEG activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7 157-63, 1979. 

Evans, S. M., and Griffiths, R. R., Dose-related caffeine discrimination in normal volunteers Individual differences in subjective effects and self-reported cues. Behavioral Pharmacology 2, 345-356, 1991. 

Hofer, I., and Battig, K., Cardiovascular, behavioral, and subjective effects of caffeine under field conditions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 48(4), 899-908, 1994. 

The subjective effect of sound depends on frequency as well as intensity. 

The average increase in rCMR after THC administration was less in marijuana users than in controls, and users had lower cerebellar metabolism than the controls at baseline [8]. Thus the cerebellum shows the greatest metabolic increase in response to acute THC and responds to chronic marijuana exposure with a decrease in baseline CMR. Habitual users but not controls responded to THC administration with increased rCMR in prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and basal ganglia. In contrast to the robust effects of THC on relative rCMR, changes in global CMR in response to THC were quite variable, with increases, decreases, and no changes seen in equal numbers of subjects. There was also variability in subjective effects, which were pleasurable for most subjects but either minimal or unpleasant (anxiety or paranoia) for others. 

Chiat L. Reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate in humans. Behav. Pharmacol. 5 281, 1994. 

Subjective effects were attenuated by 5-HT uptake blockers, suggesting the involvement of transporter-mediated 5-HT release. 

Liechti, M.E. and Vollenweider, F.X., Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans A summary of mechanistic studies, Hum. Psychopharmacol. 16(8), 589-598, 2001. 

---