Alcoholism and drug dependence

A number of diagnostic tools for alcoholism have been developed, with the most well known being the American Psychiatric Association s (APA, 2000) Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). The diagnostic criteria are summarised below. 

DSM-IV alcohol abuse (1 or more criteria for over 1 year)  

A Role impairment (e.g., failed work or home obligations). B Hazardous use (e.g., driving while intoxicated). 

A Tolerance (increased drinking to achieve same effect). 

E Excessive time related to alcohol (obtaining, hangover). F Impaired social or work activities due to alcohol. 

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National Society on Alcohol and Drug Dependence (NSAD)... 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. s Hope Line... 

Gelemter, J., Kranzler, H., and CubeUs, J. (1999) Genetics of two mu opioid receptor gene (OPRMl) exon 1 polymorphisms population studies, and allele frequencies in alcohol- and drug-dependent subjects. Mol. Psychiatry. 4, 476 83. 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. (NCADD). Online. Available HTTP (accessed 2 April 2003). NCADD provides education, information, help and hope to the public and advocates prevention, intervention, and treatment. 

Blomqvist, O., Gelernter, J., and Kranzler, H.R. (2000) Family-based study of DRD2 alleles in alcohol and drug dependence. Am J Med Genet 96 659—66A. 

Farrell M, Howes S, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Marsden J, Taylor C Meltzer H (2001). Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 432-7... 

Subsequently, a committee composed of representatives from the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine have developed a definition that includes typical behavioral changes, as well as the concept of denial ( 387). They characterized alcoholism as the following ... 

Extern, Irl L., and Mark S. Gold. 1993. "Hypothesized Neurochemical Models for Psychiatric Syndromes in Alcohol and Drug Dependence." Journal of Addictive Disease 2 29-43. 

Natsuki, R. and Dewey, W. L. Changes in the levels of several endogenous opioid peptides in dog cerebrospinal fluid following morphine administration, Japanese Journal of Alcohol and Drug Dependence 1993, 28, 379-394. 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addictive Medicine defines alcoholism as a chronic disease influenced by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Alcoholism is described as a loss of control over drinking—a preoccupation with drinking despite negative consequences to one s physical, mental, and emotional makeup as well as one s work and family life. 

According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD), close to 14 million Americans use and abuse alcohol. One third are women and the rest are men. Fifty percent of adults in the United States admit to having alcoholism in their family. One out of every four children come from families where alcohol abuse is a problem. 

National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence, 12 West 21st Street, New York, NY, USA, 10010, (800) 622-2255 or (800) 475-4673, . 

Rehabilitation of Employees with Alcohol and Drug Dependencies or Emotional Disorders... 

Lars Terenius (191), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden... 

Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan "Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala S-751 24, Sweden Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden... 

The American disease model is especially important because of its u idespread prevalence and prominence in the United States. It also is the foundation of Alcoholics Anonymous and other self-help groups. In the American disease model (it is called American because it is not nearly so popular in otlier countries), alcohol and drug dependence is viewed as the product of a progressiv e, irreversible disease. The disease is described as a merging of physical, psychological, and spiritual causes. The treatment that follows from the disease model is to identify people who have the disease, confront them with it, help them to accept that they have it, and persuade them to abstain from alcohol and other drugs. 

The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence has developed a test to help you determine whether or not you may have a problem with drugs. Portions of this self-test have been adapted here to help you honestly assess whether or not you may need help with your use of cocaine. Remember that only a professional—a doctor or trained specialist—can diagnose addiction. This list of possible risk factors for cocaine addiction is not designed to do that. Instead, it is designed to help you honestly examine your use of cocaine and better understand your risk factors for becoming dependent on cocaine. 

For information on drug abuse prevention, call (800) 729-6686, National Clearing House for Alcohol and Drug Information (800) NCA-CALL, National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. 

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