Mutagen chemical

A variety of mechanisms employing different enzymes repair damaged DNA, as after exposure to chemical mutagens or ultraviolet radiation. 

Hollaender, A. (editor) Chemical Mutagens, p. 100 New York, Plenum, 1971, Volume 1. 

Ivanovic, V. Weinstein, I.B. Cancer Res. 1980, 40, 3508-11. Identifying and Estimating the Genetic Impact of Chemical Mutagens National Academy Press Washington,DC, 1983 . 

This study probably represents the most systematic and detailed analysis of any set of direct-acting chemical mutagens to date.204... 

Many plasmids are known to possess three properties (1) increased resistance to the bactericidal effects of UV and chemical mutagens, (2) increased spontaneous mutagenesis, and (3) increased susceptibility to UV and chemically induced mutagenesis. Some plasmids possess all three properties others may possess just one, for example, increased susceptibility to mutagenesis (review Mortelmans and Dousman, 1986). Often the profile of activity depends on the DNA repair status of the host cell (Pinney, 1980). Plasmid pKMIOl carries DNA repair genes and has been widely used in strains used in bacterial mutagenicity tests. 

Base substitutions and frameshift changes occur spontaneously and can be induced by radiation and chemical mutagens. It is apparent that the molecular mechanisms resulting in these changes are different in each case, but the potential hazards associated with mutagens capable of inducing the different types of mutation are equivalent. 

Ames, B.N. (1971). The detection of chemical mutagens with enteric bacteria. In Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for Their Detection, (Hollaender, A., Ed.) Vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 267-282. 

Kato, H. (1974). Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by chemical mutagens and its possible relevance to DNA repair. Exp. Cell Res. 85 239-247. 

Rinkus SJ, Legator MS. 1980. The need for both in vitro and in vivo systems in mutagenicity screening. In de Serres FJ, Hollaender A, eds. Chemical mutagens Principles and methods for their detection. New York, NY Plenum Press, 365-473. 

Chemical (mutagenicity) Location/Source ng/m3 air ptg/g extract from soot... 

Skare JA, Schrotel KR. 1984. Alkaline elution of rat testicular DNA Detection of DNA strand breaks after in vivo treatment with chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 130 283-294. 

In the bacterial mutation test, the mutagenic potential of a pharmaceutical and its metabolites is evaluated by measuring and quantifying its ability to induce reverse mutations at selected loci of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. This test system has been shown to detect a diverse group of chemical mutagens.3,4 The technical details of this test have been reported in the literature.5-7... 

Epstein SS, Arnold E, Andrea J, et al. 1972. Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. Toxicol AppI Pharmacol 23 288-325. 

H. J. Muller s discovery in 1927 that radiation could induce mutations in living organisms. Whether congenital diseases such as Down s syndrome (in which an extra copy of a particular chromosome, or aneu-ploidy, is present) are much influenced by chemical mutagens in the environment remains an active area of study by genetic toxicologists. 

Seiler JP. 1977. Inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis by chemical mutagens and carcinogens. Preliminary results in the validation of a novel short term test. Mutat Res 46 305-310. 

W. K. Lutz, S. Vamvakas, A. Kopp-Schneider, J. Schlatter and H. Stopper, Deviation from additivity in mixture toxicity relevance of nonlinear dose-response relationships and cell line differences in genotoxicity assays with combinations of chemical mutagens and g-radiation. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements, 2002,110(6), 915-918. 

Only a few examples of the group of chemical mutagens are shown here. Nitrous acid (HNO2 salt nitrite) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) both deaminate bases they convert cytosine to uracil and adenine to inosine. 

Prival MJ, Zeiger E Chemicals mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535 but not in TAIOO. Mutat Res 412 251-260, 1998... 

Mortimer, R.K. and Manney, T.R. (1971) Mutation induction in yeast, in Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for their Detection, Vol. 1 (ed. A. Hollaender), Plenum Press, New York. 

CA235 Obana, H., S. I. Nakamura, and R. I. Tanaka. Suppressive effects of coffee on the SOS responses induced by UV and chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 1986 175 47-50. 

---