From mussels

Michel XR, PM Cassand, DG Ribera, J-E Narbonne (1992) Metabolism and mutagenic activation of benzo(a)pyrene by subcellular fractions from mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) digestive gland and sea bass (Discenthrarcus labrax) liver. Comp Biochem Physiol 103C 43-51. 

Biota elimination t,/2 = 5.0-14.2 d from mussel Mytilus edulis, t,/2 = 15.1 d from Oyster, t,/2 = 4.3 d from clam Mercenario mercenaria, t,/2 = 3.3 d from clam Macoma balthica (quoted, Meador et al. 1995). 

Figure 8.3 GC-MS comparison of ion chromatograms of extracts from mussels Mytilus edulis) and SPMDs, Corio Bay Australia. Peaks labeled ISTD are internal standards. Reprinted with permission from the American Petroleum Institute, copyright 2002 (Huckins et al., 2002).

Ito, E., et al., Chronic effects in mice caused by oral administration of sublethal doses of azaspiracid, a new marine toxin isolated from mussels, Toxicon, 40, 2, 193, 2002. 

Ofuji, K., et al.. Two analogs of azaspiracid isolated from mussels, Mytilus edulis, involved in human intoxication in Ireland, Nat. Toxins, 7, 3, 99, 1999. 

In order to accelerate sample preparation, new extraction methodologies such as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and MAE, based on the use of elevated temperature and pressure to heat the mixture sample-solvent, have been recently developed and applied for PAH extraction from meat [695] and vegetables [696-698]. Garda Falcon et al. [699] used microwave treatment with hexane to accelerate PAH extraction from freeze-dried foods. The fat extracted in this way underwent microwave assisted saponification with ethanolic KOH. Hernandez-Borges et al. [700] combined microwave-assisted hydrolysis and extraction to isolate organic pollutants from mussels, while... 

M. C. Yebra and A. Moreno-Cid, Continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction of iron from mussel samples coupled to a flow injection-atomic spectrometric system, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17(10), 2002, 1425-1428. 

Ciminiello P, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Di Rosa M, Ianaro A, Poletti R (2001) Structural Elucidation of a New Cytotoxin Isolated from Mussels of the Adriatic Sea. J Org Chem 66 578... 

Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Burgeot, T., Bellocq., J., 1998. Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment records. Est-uar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 47, 77-90. 

There are several reports of the use of silk in biomaterials. Kluge et al. (2008) provide a good overview of application of spider silks including recombinant versions. In addition to spider silks there are other types of silks that provide distinct and useful properties, such as those derived from mussels which will presumably become targets for recombinant protein production (Carrington, 2008). 

Isolation and Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding the Poly-phenolic Protein. Characterization of the primary amino acid sequence of the mussel adhesive protein has been hindered by the large size of the protein and the repetitiveness of the amino acids. In such cases, the practical (and perhaps only) approach for determining the complete amino acid sequence is to clone DNA sequences encoding the protein and to deduce the amino acid sequence from the genetic code carried by that DNA. To accomplish this, we obtained mRNA from mussels and synthesized cDNA in vitro. 

Yessotoxin and its analogues are disulfonated polyether toxins reported from shellfish from different countries, but a new derivative lacking a 1-sulfated substituent, 1-desulfoyessotoxin (YTX with R =H), has been isolated from mussels from Norway <1998MI235>. Its ESI-MS spectrum showed that this compound is 102 Da smaller than YTX 17, implying that one of the sulfate esters in YTX was desulfonated. The NMR data of 1-desulfoyessotoxin are similar to that of YTX 17 except for the 1-methylenic protons where desulfonation occurred they are shifted to upheld by 0.49ppm and their chemical shifts (3.72 and 3.78ppm) are typical of hydroxymethyl protons. 

Ciminiello, R, Fattorusso, E., Eorino, M., Magno, S., Poletti, R., and Viviani, R. 1998. Isolation of adriatoxin, a new analogue of yessotoxin from mussels of the Adriatic sea. Tetrahedron Letters 39, 8897-8900. 

Isolation of 45-hydroxyyessotoxin from mussels of the Adriatic Sea. Toxicon 37 689-693. 

Ciminiello, R, Eattorusso, E., Eorino, M., and Poletti, R. 2001. 42,43,44,45,46,47,55-Heptanor-41-oxohomoyessotoxin, anew biotoxin from mussels of the northern Adriatic sea. Chem Res Toxicol 14, 596-599. 

Daiguji, M., Satake, M., Ramstad, H., Aune, T, Naoki, H., and Yasumoto, T. 1998. Structure and fluorometric HPLC determination of 1-desulfoyessotoxin, a new yessotoxin analog isolated from mussels from Norway. Nat Toxins 6, 235—239. 

Satake, M., Tubaro, A., Lee, J. S., and Yasumoto, T. 1997b. Two new analogs of yessotoxin, homoyessotoxin and 45- hydroxy-homoyessotoxin, isolated from mussels of the Adriatic Sea. Nat Toxins 5, 107-110. 

Hess, E, Nguyen, L., Aasen, I, Keogh, M., Kilcoyne, J, McCarron, P., and Aune, T. 2005. Tissue distribution, elFects of cooking and parameters affecting the extraction of azaspiracids from mussels, Mytilus edulis, prior to analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Toxicon 46, 62—71. 

Ito, E., Satake, M., Ofuji, K., Kurita, N., McMahon, T, James, K., andYasumoto, T. 2000. Multiple organ damage caused by a new toxin azaspiracid, isolated from mussels produced in Ireland. Toxicon 38, 917—930. 

Machado, M.L., Mendez, E.P., Sanchez, M.S., Montelongo, F.G. Interpretation of heavy metal data from mussel by use of multivariate classification techniques. Chemoshere 38, 1103-1111 (1999)... 

Similar to plants, animals can also be used as bio-indicators. Thus, the analyses of aquatic organisms have been increasingly used to obtain direct measures of abundance and availability of metals in the environment. Mussels can accumulate metals and thus be used to estimate pollutant levels in the environment. Cadmium and lead have been leached from mussels by using dilute nitric acid under US assistance [86]. Leaching was carried out in autosampler cups in order to minimize sample manipulation. 

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