Main element

The sodium content of the body is 1.4g/kg. Sodium is present mostly as an extracellular constituent and maintains the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid. In addition, it activates some enzymes, such as amylase. Sodium absorption is rapid it starts 3-6 min after intake and is corr tleted within 3 h. Daily intake of sodium averages 2.5 g (females) to 3.3 g (males) the adult s average requirement ranges from 

Belitz W. Grosch P. Schieberle, Food Chemistry Springer 2009 

6 g/day (equal to 3.3-4.0g/day NaCl). The intake of too little or too much sodium can result in serious disorders. From a nutritional standpoint, only the excessive intake of sodium is of importance because it can lead to hypertension. A low intake of sodium can be achieved by a nonsalty diet or by using diet salt (common salt substitutes, cf. 22.2.5). Table 7.2 provides values for the sodium content of some foods. 

---

With the New Approach the number of directives needed to achieve the internal market target significantly decreased. In addition the European Council and the European Parliament were no longer required to deal with detailed technical requirements. Instead they were called upon only to define essential requirements needed to protect the public interest. The main elements of the New Approach can be summarised as follows ... 

Cost Calculation. The main elements determining production cost are identical for fine chemicals and commodities (see Economic evaluation), a breakdown of production cost is given in Table 2. In multipurpose plants, where different fine chemicals occupying the equipment to different extents are produced during the year, a fair allocation of costs is a more difficult task. The allocation of the product-related costs, such as raw material and utiHties, is relatively easy. It is much more difficult to allocate for capital cost, labor, and maintenance. A simplistic approach is to define a daily rent by dividing the total yearly fixed cost of the plant by the number of production days. But that approach penalizes the simple products using only part of the equipment. 

A power recovery train—occasionally called a string—(Figure 4-53) employing a turboexpander usually consists of four main elements or casings the expander, a motor-generator, an air blower, and a steam turbine. The steam turbine is used primarily for startup and often to supplement the expander for generation of energy. This topic will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter. 

Figure 1.20 Preconditions for and main elements of DFQ (adapted from Morup, 1993)...

Carbon blacks are synthetic materials which essentially contain carbon as the main element. The structure of carbon black is similar to graphite (hexagonal rings of carbon forming large sheets), but its structure is tridimensional and less ordered. The layers of carbon blacks are parallel to each other but not arranged in order, usually forming concentric inner layers (turbostratic structure). Some typical properties are density 1.7-1.9 g/cm pH of water suspension 2-8 primary particle size 14-250 nm oil absorption 50-300 g/100 g specific surface area 7-560 m /g. 

Catalytic Recuperative Oxidizer - A catalytic recuperative oxidizer consists of several main elements ... 

Risk-based information provides a foundation for regulation of severe accidents. Early PRAs, with large uncertainties, indicated risk that was above or below the Safety Goals depending on containment performance. Consequently the NRC developed an Integration Plan for Closure of Severe Accident Issues (SECY-88-47) with six main elements to this plan 1) individual plant examinations (IPE), 2) containment performance improvements, 3) improved plant oper itions, 4) severe accident research, 5) external event considerations, and 6) accident management. 

Commercially available CFD codes have three main elements in common. Firstly, the pre-processor enables the user to define the geometry, which is often referred to as the computational domain or flow domain of the problem, for... 

Now lets consider the elemental approach to stoichiometry for a relatively simple situation aerobic growth where the only products formed are cells, carbon dioxide and water. The following formulas can be used if we consider the four main elements ... 

At present the approach to assessing the potential risks of exposure to a chemical in the diet involves the application of a standardised risk assessment approach consisting of three main elements - hazard identification and characterisation and exposure assessment. 

In summary we can say that the process of interpretation for the simplest case, shown in Fig. 4.1c, includes three main elements, namely,... 

The treatment for ALL consists of three main elements remission induction, intensification (consolidation), and continuation (maintenance) phases of treatment.3 Therapy to eradicate subclinical CNS leukemia is also an integral part of therapy for ALL (Table 92-7). 

Table 4.8 Main element specific chromatographic detectors (ESDs)...

Table 8.36 Main element analytical solid sampling techniques and typical sample mass...

Perhaps the most common computer simulation method for nonequilibrium systems is the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) method [53, 88]. This typically consists of Hamilton s equations of motion augmented with an artificial force designed to mimic particular nonequilibrium fluxes, and a constraint force or thermostat designed to keep the kinetic energy or temperature constant. Here is given a brief derivation and critique of the main elements of that method. 

The analysis of chemical risk is a process comprising the following elements hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and risk characterization [6]. Figure 1 shows the main elements that constitute the risk characterization process together the methodologies used for their determination. The essence of risk characterization is to relate the exposure (the concentration of a... 

The dark clouds were responsible for the discovery of ISM, as they absorb the light from stars which lies behind these clouds of interstellar matter. It is difficult to obtain reliable information on the dust particles. They are probably about 0.1 pm in diameter, consisting of a silicate nucleus and an envelope of compounds containing the elements C, O and N, which, with H and He, are the main elements present in interstellar space. There are only two sources of information for more exact characterisation of the dust particles ... 

The main factor on the demand side is probably lack of incentive in other words, the fact that economic responsibility plays no part in the decisions taken by prescribes and consumers of pharmaceuticals. When consumers bear the consequences of their decision to buy (the usual case in a non-subsidized market) they have an incentive to compare products benefits with their price, which is normally the main element of the cost for the consumer. When this... 

Table 2 Differences between the main elements of the Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC [133] and the 3rd draft of the working document on sludge of the European Commission (2000) [134]... 

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the last on our list of the main elements making up the human body. Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon compose 93 pounds of a 100-pound person. Calcium adds another two pounds. Nitrogen is three percent of the human body, and phosphorus is one percent, so that means they total four of those 100 pounds, and these six elements total 99 pounds. Only one pound is left for all the other elements found in the body. 

Fig. 12.1. Scheme of the main elements present in a measurement of heat capacity. 

Discussions about the PA usually focus on definitions. Such definitions are plentiful, they depend on the scientific and social background of their authors, and they all contain elements of truth and error. One of the basic problems with the PA is that there is no such thing as an overall definition. The application of the PA is always heavily context-dependent. It is no use solving problems associated with applying the PA by means of a generally accepted definition, since it is difficult to define a principle sharply where uncertainty is the main element. The definition of terms and concepts like uncertainty always depend on the scientific, social, cultural and economic background of individuals employing them. 

Julshamn, K. and O.R. Braekkan. 1978. The relation between the concentration of some main elements and the stages of maturation of ovaries in cod (Gadus morrhua). Fiskeridir. Skr. Ser. Ernaering 1 1-15. 

Pursuant to the CWC, after its signature, the Preparatory Commission was founded and after EIF the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was established with HQ in The Hague / The Netherlands (Johan de Wittlaan 32, 2517 JR Den Haag). See also http// www.opcw.org. The Organisation consists of three main elements ... 

In this appendix, we illustrate how E-Z Solve may be used for each of these types of problems. We expand on the basic features of E-Z Solve described in the Help and Help/tutorial menus in the software. The file Appendix.msp in the E-Z Solve software contains the equations used to solve examples D-l to D-4 which follow. The main elements of the syntax are also printed within this appendix. 

Apatite exploration takes place in various regions of the World, and the most known are Kola Peninsula (Russia) and northwest Africa (Morocco). In both places, the apatite ores contain not only phosphorus as a main element but also many heavy metals, which are toxic for humans and animals. The given elements are F, As, Y, some rare earth species, Sr, Pb, Cd, Sn. The underground waters in these regions are enriched by F, Fi, Nb, some rare earth species with alkaline reaction that facilitates the migration of many ore elements. Some phosphorus containing ores are radioactive owing to the mixtures of uranium and thorium. 

---