Cost calculations

The arrangement which gives the highest overall selectivity can only be deduced by detailed sizing and costing calculations specific to the reaction system. 

Cost Calculation. The main elements determining production cost are identical for fine chemicals and commodities (see Economic evaluation), a breakdown of production cost is given in Table 2. In multipurpose plants, where different fine chemicals occupying the equipment to different extents are produced during the year, a fair allocation of costs is a more difficult task. The allocation of the product-related costs, such as raw material and utiHties, is relatively easy. It is much more difficult to allocate for capital cost, labor, and maintenance. A simplistic approach is to define a daily rent by dividing the total yearly fixed cost of the plant by the number of production days. But that approach penalizes the simple products using only part of the equipment. 

Table 2. Cost Calculations for Fine Chemicals Value-Added Structure...

Thus the requirement for the use of man-made drugs and dietary additives as veterinary medicines for the treatment of farmed animals is considerable and worth about 100 million pounds sterling annually in the UK ( 104 million in 1994j io jjjg investment in dietary additives such as vitamins, trace minerals, coccidiostats, pigmenters, enzymes and other probiotics to feed compounders in the UK is worth about 110 million, assuming an addition rate of 2.5 kg per tonne and a cost of approximately 3% of the total concentrate dietary cost (calculated from MAFF data, 1995). ° These data can be increased by a factor of about 10 when the compound feed produced within Europe is considered. 

The decision on whether cathodic protection with impressed current or with magnesium anodes is more economical depends on the protection current requirement and the soil resistivity. This estimate only indicates the basic influence of the different variables. In the individual case, installation costs can vary widely so that a specific cost calculation is necessary for every project. 

The aim of life cycle cost calculations is to ensure that investment decisions are not made solely on the basis of a low purchase price, but that the life cycle operating costs are considered in the equation. 

Life cycle cost calculations are an application of investment calculations that have been used in planning and design in industry for several decades. ... 

FIGURE 16.1 Comparison of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost calculations. The result of LCA is (weighted) emissions and the present value of investment and operating costs, e.g,. in Euros. Note that in LCA calculations the present value coefficient is I, but the present value of LCC is always affected by interest rate and the length of the period. ... 

In ventilation design, these calculations are used routinely for equipment comparison. Plans are, however, to include life cycle cost calculations in the terms-of-tender contract. 

As each project task is completed, record the actual time and actual cost. Calculate variances and carry the cumulative total forward. This technique can easily be put into a spreadsheet format on your personal computer. Some large projects may be able to create this format for a report that uses cost and schedule data that is routinely captured by the company s computerized accounting system. Figure 51.10 illustrates a typical project control chart. 

As for enviromnental aspects, in the last years many LCAs have been performed that aimed to compare the different recycling and treatment routes for plastics packaging waste. They often include cost calculations for the whole waste management chain. Examples include ... 

This whole picture suggests that chemical recycling is financially still a rather uncertain business, a view that is indeed reinforced by cost calculations. The basic point probably is that purpose-built recovery installations will always have trouble in competing with technologies built for another purpose, but which happen to be able to recycle or recover MPW - which is the case with blast furnaces and cement kilns. The latter have the advantage that capital investment does not need to be allocated to the MPW. 

Beside their calculation of direct costs, Stoll et al. (2002a) also examined indirect costs in a German sample of HIV-infected patients after the introduction of HAART. To emphasize the implications of different approaches of indirect costs, the authors determined both costs based on the human capital approach and costs calculated on the friction cost approach. They concluded that indirect costs based on the friction approach per patient in 1997 (US 2,421) add up to only one-tenth of the amount derived from the human capital approach (US 24,639). 

Calculated within the procedure Passed back to the calling procedure. (Pigment pinder ratio) Composite formula values (Solids, Cost) calculated from row data, concentration. 

Figure 11.21a shows the different sequences for the separation of a five-product system. Four simple columns are needed for this separation and there are 14 possible sequences, as shown in Figure 11.21a. If an approach is to be followed that will allow screening and optimizing networks, then 14 possible networks each with 4 columns would have to be considered, involving 56 column sizing and costing calculations. An alternative way to analyze...

However, before sizing and costing calculations can be carried out, the pressure must be also specified. Pressure is a critically important optimization variable, and the appropriate pressure is not known until optimization calculations have been carried out. If the pressure is allowed... 

The due date calculated by backwards termination is a minimum over all latest ends of production for every successor quant. Therefore it is exact for quants with at most one successor. If there are two or more successors the delay costs calculated with the due date may be higher than the real delay costs because the due date is the smallest end necessary to supply the earliest successor. 

The relevant shares in the cost calculations change when microprocess technology approaches large-scale chemical production (U. Krtschil et al., unpublished data). Reactor fabrication at a competitive cost becomes crucial and is among the main cost drivers. The corresponding costs here go with the overall size of the microstructured reactor and with its number. 

Easy translation to emission targets, thus not including climate sensitivity in cost calculations. 

Most field equipment used at remediation sites has a lifetime substantially longer than the length of the project where it is used. When the total cost of new equipment is included in the project, the unit treatment cost increases substantially as the time of treatment decreases. Two solutions to this dilemma are common either lease the equipment or use the equipment on several different projects. Both of these options require the equipment to be of some treatment volume rate such that it can be readily applied to another treatment train, and also that it can be portable. If the designer cannot locate lease equipment, or if there is only one project on which to use the equipment, cost calculations should include a salvage value for the equipment. 

For these reasons, we feel justified in treating the inner-shell correlation contribution to TAE as a separate contribution, rather than together with the valence correlation. There are substantial cost advantages to this rather than having to carry out very elaborate all-electrons-correlated CCSD(T) calculations in basis sets near saturation for both valence and inner-shell correlation, we can limit these costly calculations to a basis set that is primarily saturated for inner-shell correlation. 

Table 6 gives the annual costs calculated for the systems stated in Table 5. The calculation takes into account the following percentage for depreciation, interest and maintenance ...

This section presents sample calculations to aid the reader in understanding the calculations behind the development of a fuel cell power system. The sample calculations are arranged topically with unit operations in Section 10.1, system issues in Section 10.2, supporting calculations in Section 10.3, and cost calculations in Section 10.4. A list of conversion factors common to fuel cell systems analysis is presented in Section 10.5 ans a sample automotive design calculation is presented in Section 10.6. 

Taking into account all marketing and development failures, cost calculations demonstrate that companies have to develop more blockbuster products with annual sales over US 1 billion if they are to maintain historical rates of returns to... 

New techniques must be assessed with respect to efficiency and cost-effectiveness in comparison to already existing ones. So far only a few cost-effective analyses of management of recurrent colorectal cancer based on decision analysis models have been published. Cost calculations of two studies were based on US Medicare reimbursement rates [32-34], whereas one othereconomic analysis was performed from the French national health insurance s perspective [35]. 

Only a complete engineering analysis for a particular incinerator will indicate whether increases in throughput are possible. This is a critical assumption as all subsequent cost calculations are dependent on this fact ... 

The resale value of the recovered product is not expected to be a significant factor in cost calculation. At best, resale of the product will reduce the overall cost of the process enough to keep it competitive with other remediation technologies (D11846H, p. 976). 

It was reported by Enviroaccess in 1996 that the purchase of an Amphibex excavator required a total investment of between 395,000 and 450,000, depending on the tools needed. It was not specified whether this amount was listed in Canadian or U.S. dollars. Operating costs, calculated on an annual basis of 2000 hr of work, are about 80/hr. This amount does not include personnel costs (operators and labor) but does take into account annual depreciation of the machine, insurance, routine maintenance, fuel costs, and normal wear and tear (D18700S, p. 2). 

A particularly controversial issue is the allocation of R D costs, as only a minority of new products or processes studied in R D enjoy commercial success. This problem is usually disguised by not including R D in the cost calculation of individual products, but by placing R D in the general overhead. 

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