Kola Peninsula

A large deposit of loparite occurs ia the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The production of REO reaches 6500 t/yr. Loparite contains over 30% of rare-earth oxides from the cerium group. In addition, loparite contains up to 40% titanium oxide and up to 12% niobium and tantalum oxides. 

Apatite and other phosphorites constitute a substantial resource of rare earths. The REO content is highly variable and ranges from trace amounts to over 1%. Apatite- [1306-05-4] rich tailings of the iron ore at Mineville, New York, have been considered a potential source of yttrium and lanthanides. Rare-earth-rich apatites are found at the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and the Phalaborwa complex in South Africa. In spite of low REO content apatites could become an important source of rare earths because these are processed in large quantities for the manufacturing of fertilisers (qv). 

Baddeleyite, a naturally occurring zirconium oxide, has been found in the Poco de Caldas region of the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes in Brazil, the Kola Peninsula of the former USSR, and the northeastern Transvaal of the Repubflc of South Africa. BraziUan baddeleyite occurs frequently with zircon, and ore shipments are reported to contain 65—85% zirconium oxide, 12—18% siUca, and 0.5% uranium oxide. Veryhttle of this ore is exported now because all radioactive minerals are under close control of the BraziUan government. 

Phosphate rock, mined widely throughout the world for its fertilizer value (see Fertilizers), in certain regions contains a few percent of lanthanides. For example, the apatite deposits in the Kola peninsula on the Russian/Finnish border. The Ln content is recoverable from the various processing residues, and because other Ln-containing minerals, such as loparite [12173-83-0], are also found there, the location suppHes a significant part of the demand in Eastern Europe. 

Asia/Middle East Kola Peninsula, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, India, Turkey 1.4... 

Figure 25.15 Flowsheet with reagent additions for beneficiation of fine mineral sands (Kola Peninsula, Soviet Union).

The metals sulfides are the most dangerous since after aerobic weathering they are transformed into water-soluble sulfates of different metals. Accordingly, in the areas of non-ferrous and rare metal ore exploration and treatments, the acid sulfate landscapes are formed with high content of toxic metals. The biogeochemical technogenic provinces are known, for instance, copper-nickel provinces in the Kola Peninsula, Fennoscandia molybdenum provinces in the Caucasian region, copper and chromium-nickel ones in the South Ural, poly-metal ones, in the Pacific coast of eastern Eurasia (Russia, China, and Korea), etc. 

Apatite exploration takes place in various regions of the World, and the most known are Kola Peninsula (Russia) and northwest Africa (Morocco). In both places, the apatite ores contain not only phosphorus as a main element but also many heavy metals, which are toxic for humans and animals. The given elements are F, As, Y, some rare earth species, Sr, Pb, Cd, Sn. The underground waters in these regions are enriched by F, Fi, Nb, some rare earth species with alkaline reaction that facilitates the migration of many ore elements. Some phosphorus containing ores are radioactive owing to the mixtures of uranium and thorium. 

As mentioned earlier (see Chapter 3), a unique exceedance does not exist when considering both sulfur and nitrogen, but for a given deposition of S and N one can always determine whether there is non-exceedance or not. The two maps on the top of Figure 4 show that the percent of ecosystem area is protected from acidifying deposition of S and N in 1990 and 2010. In 1990 less than 10% of the ecosystem area is protected in large parts of central and western Europe as well as on the Kola peninsula, Russia. Under the scenario of the 1999 multi-pollutant, multi-effect Protocol of UNECE LRTAP Convention (CDR 2010), the situation improves almost everywhere, but is still far from reaching complete protection. 

To make this conclusion more reliable, we applied the above statistical comparison procedure to independent data on the chemical composition of melted snow samples, which were collected in the vicinity of a nickelprocessing plant, on the Kola Peninsula [2], and an industrial megalopolis [4], According to these data, chemical analysis of melted snow was conducted by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and ion chromatography using certified reference materials SLRS-2 of the National Research Council (Canada) and NIST, 1643c (US) [2], Statistical analysis of these data revealed that... 

Gregurek, D., Reimannb, C., Stump, E.F. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia Environmental Pollution. 102. 1998. 221-232. 

Das Sharma S, Patil DT, Gopalan K (2002) Temperature dependence of oxygen isotope fractionation of CO2 from magnesite-phosphoric acid reaction. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66 589-593 Dauphas N, Marty B (1999) Heavy nitrogen in carbonatites of the Kola peninsula a possible signature of the deep mantle. Science 286 2488-2490 Dauphas N, Rouxel O (2006) Mass spectrometry and natural variations in iron isotopes. Mass Spectrom Rev 25 515-550... 

Fig. 3. SEM backscattered electron image of alteration in zirconolite from the Afrikanda alkaline complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. This crystal exhibits complex magmatic zoning, late-stage replacement by an unknown Ba-Zr-Ti-silicate phase, and preferential alteration along cracks and Th-U-rich zones.

Bulakh, A. G Nesterov, A. R Williams, C. T. Anisimov, I. S. 1998. Zirkelite from the Sebl yavr carbonatite complex, Kola peninsula, Russia and x-ray and electron microprobe study of a partially metamict mineral. Mineralogical Magazine, 62, 837-846. 

Carter, M. L., Vance, E. R., Mitchell, D. R. G., Hanna, J. V., Zhang, Z. Loi, E. 2002. Fabrication, characterisation, and leach testing of hollandite, (Ba,Cs)(Al,Ti)2Ti6016. Journal of Materials Research, 17, 2578-2589. Chakhmouradian, A. R. Mitciiiill, R. H. 1998. Lueshite, pyrochlore and monazite-(Ce) from apatite-dolomite carbonatite, Lesnaya Varaka complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 62, 769-782. 

Kogarko, L. N., Williams, C. T. Woolley, A. R. 2002. Chemical evolution of loparite through the layered, peralkaline Lovozero complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Mineralogy and Petrology, 74, 1-24. 

Mitchell, R. H. Chakhmouradian, A. R. 1998a. Th-rich loparite from the Khibina alkaline complex, Kola Peninsula isomorphism and para-genesis. Mineralogical Magazine, 62, 341-353. 

Reimann, C., Banks, D. de Caritat, C. 2000. Impacts of airborne contamination on regional soil and water quality the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Environmental Sciences and Technology, 34, 2727-2732. 

Ferraris, G., Khomyakov, A. P., Belluso, E., and Soboleva, S. V. (1997). Polysomatic relationships in some titanosilicates occurring in the hyper-agpaitic alkaline rocks of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Proc. 30th Internat. Geol. Congress 16, 17-27. 

Immense masses of nepheline-rich rocks occur on the Kola Peninsula, the former U.S.S.R., in Norway and in the Republic of South Africa also in the Bancroft, Ontario, Canada region. Smaller deposits are found in Maine and Arkansas in the United States. Fine crystals are found in lavas on Mt, fesuvius, Italy. 

Kelley, J.A., Jaffe, D.A., Baklanov, A. and Mahura, A. (1995) Heavy metals on the Kola Peninsula aerosol size distribution. Science of the Total Environment, 160-161, 135-38. 

Niskavaara, H., Reimann, C. and Chekushin, V. (1996) Distribution and pathways of heavy metals and sulphur in the vicinity of the copper-nickel smelters in Nikel and Zapoljarnij, Kola Peninsula, Russia, as revealed by different sample media. Applied Geochemistry, 11(1-2), 25-34. 

Arctic fjords have been classified into categories of comparatively clean, contaminated, heavily contaminated, and potentially contaminated. Contaminated areas include, for instance, Kola Gulf and, probably, all the fjords of the northern Kola Peninsula west of Murmansk. The content of radionuclides in phytobenthos, in the coastal zone east of Murmansk, is low. Evidently, there has not recently been any serious radionuclide penetration into this area. The low gamma-nuclide level (1 Bq/kg-3 Bq/kg) is typical for the zoobenthos of the Barents Sea. This is also true for the Kara Sea. 

Rodushkin I, Moiseenko T, Kudravsjeva L. 1995a. Aluminum in the surface waters of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Sci Total Environ 163 55-59. 

Andreeva Bay is located in the Zapadnaya sea inlet at the extreme North-West of the Kola Peninsula (Russian Federation), about 40km from the Norwegian border and 80 km from Murmansk to the south-east. 

Acceleration of SNF removal from the Northern Fleet s former naval bases would be only possible through the establishment of a new long-term SNF storage facility in less-hazardous area, as compared to Kola Peninsula, e g. on the Novaya Zemlia (the New Land) Archipelago. 

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