Demand side

As a result of this oversupply, scrap values for many recyclable materials have fallen noticeably over the past few years. Further complicating matters are new efforts from regulators and environmental activists to mandate the reuse of certain materials (rates and dates) and that products be made with specified amounts of recycled material (product content laws). Such demand-side measures distort market forces and do not appear to be justified on either economic or environmental grounds. 

Krause, F., and Eto, J. 1988. Least-Cost Utility Planning, A Handbook for Public Utility Commissioners, The Demand Side Conceptual and Methodological Issues. Washington, DC National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners. 

Nadel, S. 1992. Utility Demand-Side Management Experience and Potential—A Cntical Review. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 17 507-35. 

See also Cogeneration Demand-Side Management Engines Hydroelectric Energy Market Transformation Supply and Demand and Energy Prices Turbines, Gas Turbines, Steam. 

The reliability of a modern electric power system depends on continuous real-time control of power and energy production, transmission line flows, system frequency, and voltage. This complex task will get more involved in the new environment with increased market participation on both the supply and the demand sides. 

The World Bank also looks tor energy effieiency improvement opportunities by pushing for the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies (estimated at over 200 billion a year in the developing world), improving demand-side efficiency, and making the energy supply system more cost conscious. 

See also Appliances Behavior Capital Investment Decisions Demand-Side Management Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and Efficiency of Energy Use, Labeling of Environmental... 

See also Demand-Side Management Efficiency of Energy Use, Labeling of. 

Given that there were numerous alternatives for the resources, including demand-side management, interruptible loads, and off-system purchases, many case studies were ncccssai y. Each plan for service to future loads had to be tested for conformance with system and regional reliability criteria. The plans were further examined for cost, including losses, and examined for flexibility. Any acceptable plans had to... 

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoiy, Berkeley, CA Demand-Side Management... 

The most common storage type is the direct discharge type (Figure 140). In this type the heat transfer fluid for the demand side is stored preferably at... 

Figure 217. Trend shift of energy chain between energy supply and demand sides...

The second series of contributions focus on the analysis of the application and effectiveness of the main instruments public financing agencies use to regulate pharmaceutical expenditure, on both the demand side and the supply side. 

We now conclude this work by showing how differences in regulation can account for such substantial differences in competition between one country and the other. We focus our attention on three aspects first, we discuss the differences in market entry regulations, then we go on to describe the differences in price regulations, and finally, we show the differences that exist in demand-side pohdes within the respective public health systems. 

In the following section of this chapter we analyse the various types of market structure that occur in the case of pharmaceuticals, and we review the different factors that can limit the functioning of price competition in this market on both the supply side and the demand side. Finally, we analyse possible forms of intervention, in particular mechanisms to encourage price competition in pharmaceutical markets, and discuss the extent to which they might improve efficiency and social welfare. 

The main factor on the demand side is probably lack of incentive in other words, the fact that economic responsibility plays no part in the decisions taken by prescribes and consumers of pharmaceuticals. When consumers bear the consequences of their decision to buy (the usual case in a non-subsidized market) they have an incentive to compare products benefits with their price, which is normally the main element of the cost for the consumer. When this... 

Table 5.1 Factors affecting price competition on the supply side and the demand side...

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