Indicators risk

Risk-based information provides a foundation for regulation of severe accidents. Early PRAs, with large uncertainties, indicated risk that was above or below the Safety Goals depending on containment performance. Consequently the NRC developed an Integration Plan for Closure of Severe Accident Issues (SECY-88-47) with six main elements to this plan 1) individual plant examinations (IPE), 2) containment performance improvements, 3) improved plant oper itions, 4) severe accident research, 5) external event considerations, and 6) accident management. 

On the use of metrics for indicating safety, likelihood and consequence have a principal role and they form the two basic dimensions. When indicating risks, from historical facts and figures, simulations and knowledge, the likelihood and consequences can be established. The actual likelihood and consequence can never be derived exactly and they will always be based on perceptions of risks as discussed in Chapter 1. This perception of risks will in this Chapter be referred to as the perceived risks , which is the defined as the (perceived) likelihood and the perceived consequences of an event. The Sis attempt to indicate this perceived safety related risk in terms of the perceived likelihood and the perceived safety-related consequence of an event. For reasons of clarity the term risk will refer to the perceived safety related risk and consequences will refer to the perceived safety related consequences in the remainder of this Chapter. The consequences are always based on people s perception of how great the damage to people, environment, or assets might be. The likelihood of an event will sometimes be estimated (perceived). 

Broadened indications. Risk factors are launched as disease states that need treatment... 

E.B. Thoman, V.H. Denenberg, J. Sievel, L.P. Zeidner and P. becker, State organization in neonates Developmental inconsistency Indicates risk for developmental dysfunction, Neuropediatrics, 12 (1981) 45-54. 

Risk certification accompanied by data requirements, such as individual product operator exposure studies, dermal absorption data and/or the range of results from biological monitoring of those exposed. This tier recognizes that where the best available knowledge used in the second tier still indicates risks, then exposure measurements for the actual product will be necessary. Exposure surveys need to be of adequate size, sufficiently reported and representative in order to be convincing. Exposure surveys may gather data that can be used for statistical relations, such as transfer coefficients, which may be used for other products in the lower tiers. 

Del Brutto OH. Medical therapy for cysticercosis indications, risks, and benefits. Rev Ecuat Neurol 2000 9 13-15. Garg RK. Medical management of neurocysticercosis. Neurol India 2001 49(4) 329-37. 

FIGURE SNP-4 Genome-wide association studies for seven diseases. The markers that indicate risk factors are shown in green. (Used by permission from Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls, the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Nature, v 447, fig 4, pp 661-278 [June 7, 2007])... 

Thoman, E.B., Denenberg. V.H.. Sievel. J.. Zeidner, L., and Becker, P.T. (1981) State Organization in Neonates Developmental Inconsistency Indicates Risk for Developmental Dysfunction, Neuropediatrics 12,45-54. 

Appropriateness Discuss indications, risk/ benefits with referring physician, patient/ family. 

Copel L, Sosna 1, Druskal JB, Kane RA. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy indications, risks, and technique. Surg Technolint. 2003, 11 154-60. 

A generic term applied to methods for describing an individual s chances of becoming ill or dying from selected causes. It is used to indicate risks to health and safety that are influenced by an individual s lifestyle behaviors. 

Itoh, K. 2011. Does incident reporting rate indicate risk or safety in healthcare Implications from correlations with safety climate scores. Proceedings of the International Conference on Healthcare Systems Ergonomics and Patient Safety, HEPS 2011. Oviedo, Spain, June 2011, 201-4. 

Risks are quantified and categorized into one of three zones. The risks may include increases in census, increased patient acuity, and emergent activity. The green zone is described as comfortable, the yellow zone indicates risk-prone conditions and the need to be alert, and the red zone indicates conditions of moving into intolerable risk or what Amalberti (2001) calls "boundaries of excediency" (see Table 5.3). 

In a statement indicating risk level, both probability of occurrence and severity of outcome must be included. After determining the severity of expected damage or harm through a hazard analysis, estimating the probability of an incident or exposure occurring is the additional and necessary step in concluding a risk assessment. 

Faisal (2009, pp. 45-52) indicates risk types for each flow process in the supply chain and for relationships in the supply chain (Table 3.6). The operation of each subchain is related to typical threats. The flow of goods and money involves the greatest number of types of risk. It would not be possible to identify all threats to all supply chains. Similarly, their priority will vary depending on the situation. Keeping the Pareto principle in mind, companies should focus on 20 per cent of key threats, as they cause 80 per cent of all losses. 

Risk register updates (to indicate risk result of QRA). 

By giving empirical values to items 3(a), (b) and (c) and multiplying them together an indicative risk rating can be obtained which can be used to determine priorities for action. 

Johanson, B., 2008. Public Views on Drinking Water Standards as Risk Indicators. Risk Analysis, 28(6) 1515-1530. 

Drawings, circuit board layouts, parts lists, data sheets and design specifications describe the expected view at the realized product. In the context of product design, characteristics of the product should be documented as part of design specifications. The stmcture of the architecmre for the product determines the intersections for such considerations and lead to the structure of the design specification. For the product liability it is important to also indicate risks of the handling or usage of products in the product description, which is another aspect of safety than functional safety. 

Average risk factor scores and target score. Dashed fill indicates risk factors that are over the target score. Solid fill indicates risk factors that are under. 

These complications are more often than not a function of poor patient communication or operator unfamiliarity with the indications, risks, and benefits of specific types of peel carried out in specific anatomical areas on a particular patient. 

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