Livestock

Table 1. Feed Ingredient Usage by the Livestock and Poultry Industry, 1989-1991 10 t...

Animals exposed to sunlight for extended lengths of time do not require substantial dietary vitamin D. Current livestock management practices place an emphasis on high productivity, and most feed manufacturers recommend vitamin D supplementation of diets. Recommendations for practical levels of vitamin D in feeds for various animals, as recommended by feed manufacturers, are listed in Table 10. 

Air pollutants that present a hazard to livestock, therefore, are those that are taken up by vegetation or deposited on the plants. Only a few pollutants have been observed to cause harm to animals. These include arsenic, fluorides, lead, mercury, and molybdenum. 

Tetracycline antibiotics have found wide application in animal industries for treatment, preventive maintenance and stimulation of growth of large horned livestock owing to what their residue amounts can be present at milk and meat of animals. Residue amounts of antibiotics are not toxic, however, capable to cause allergic reactions and to promote development of tolerance of the some people pathogenic bacterias. According with the legislative requirements of a number of the European countries it is forbidden to deliver to the population production polluted residual contents of tetracyclines. 

Providing quantitative estimates of NHj emissions is necessarily rather uncertain, because of the wide range of variability in the sources as well as in factors affecting the emission rate. In the case of livestock emissions, the obvious scaling parameter is the number of animals in a particular area and emissions estimates... 

The estimates in Table 3 represent one inventory however, a further estimate of uncertainties may be found by comparing other recent ongoing inventories for the UK. Pain et alJ have very recently estimated UK emissions from livestock production systems (including tillage crops) at 240 Gg NHj yr while ApSimon et al. (personal communication) estimate a figure of around 280 Gg NHj yr h Including the non-agriciiltiiral sources at around 40 Gg NHj yr the official estimate recently adopted by the Department of the Environment is 320 Gg NHj yr h If these estimates are contrasted with the other recent estimate of UK... 

MLC, Meat Demand Trends, Meat and Livestock Commission, 95/3, Milton Keynes, August 1995. 

The ingestion of natural compounds, some of which can be identical to those administered for medicinal purposes, which have adverse effects especially in extensively reared animals, has been estimated to be about the equivalent of a 2% tax on livestock productions" For example, in the UK this would amount to about 20 million (calculated from MAFF data, 1995)S°... 

The movement of fluoride through the atmosphere and into a food chain illustrates an air-water interaction at the local scale (<100 km) (3). Industrial sources of fluoride include phosphate fertilizer, aluminum, and glass manufacturing plants. Domestic livestock in the vicinity of substantial fluoride sources are exposed to fluoride by ingestion of forage crops. Fluoride released into the air by industry is deposited and accumulated in vegetation. Its concentration is sufficient to cause damage to the teeth and bone structure of the animals that consume the crops. 

Zoonoses m Agriculture. Preventing the spread of disease to livestock handlers Controlling Gram Dust on Earms... 

Methoxychlor 0.04 0.04 Reproductive difficulties Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock... 

The scope of lAT includes premises other than traditional industrial process buildings, such as hospitals underground car parks mining, railroad, and vehicle tunnels livestock buildings and other premises and processes. 

Annual cropping by traditional methods requires more labor, and yields are generally lower. Although animal power can help reduce human labor and provide manure for fertilizer, draught animals must be either fed by some of the crop or pastured, thereby increasing the land area required per person unless yields per unit of land increase accordingly. Average livestock ate one-fourth of the yield in the early nineteenth centuiy. 

Between 1935 and 1960 outputs per man-hour of labor increased about 4.5 times, and crop production per hectare of crop-land almost doubled. Inputs of labor were decreased by 50 percent, inputs of land remained relatively stable, but inputs of non-real-estate capital inputs were nearly tripled. Among these capital inputs, those of seed, feed, and livestock purchased increased by about four times, and those of mechanical power and machinery by more than 2.5 times. 

It has been estimated that of the total U.S. increase in farm output between 1940 and 1955, 43 percent is attributable to increased crop yields per hectare, 27 percent to increases in value added by livestock production, 23 percent to reduction in farm-produced power, and 7 percent to changes in the amount of capital used. While it is not possible to isolate the effect of a single input, it is estimated that increased use of fertilizer accounted for more... 

Direct geothermal energy is used for space heating of homes, greenhouses, livestock barns, and fish-farm ponds. As well, it is employed as a heat source in some industrial processes, such as paper production in New Zealand and diying diatomite in Iceland. Since the industrial applications usually require high-... 

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