Forage crops

The movement of fluoride through the atmosphere and into a food chain illustrates an air-water interaction at the local scale (<100 km) (3). Industrial sources of fluoride include phosphate fertilizer, aluminum, and glass manufacturing plants. Domestic livestock in the vicinity of substantial fluoride sources are exposed to fluoride by ingestion of forage crops. Fluoride released into the air by industry is deposited and accumulated in vegetation. Its concentration is sufficient to cause damage to the teeth and bone structure of the animals that consume the crops. 

The nonvisual or subtle effects of air pollutants involve reduced plant growth and alteration of physiological and biochemical processes, as well as changes in the reproductive cycle. Reduction in crop yield can occur without the presence of visible symptoms. This type of injury is often related to low-level, long-term chronic exposure to air pollution. Studies have shown that field plantings exposed to filtered and unfiltered ambient air have produced different yields when no visible symptoms were present (5). Reduction in total biomass can lead to economic loss for forage crops or hay. 

Benoit, writing in 2002, felt that organic sheep have a profitable future in France. He calculated that with a 20% to 30% higher price for organic lamb and by extensifying the area of forage crops so that the farm is self-sufficient for food, then farm income can be maintained or even increased. 

This is a cross between wheat and rye. Triticale combines the yield and quality of wheat with the winter hardiness of rye and is also disease resistant. It can be used as a replacement for concentrates in a livestock ration because it is high in crude protein and essential amino acids. Its place in the rotation is similar to rye, so that it can be used as a forage crop or a green manure. 

Forage Crops Alfalfa Other hay (less wild hay) 10,681 10,334... 

Like alfalfa, the clover family (Trifolium spp.) consists of perennial legume plants that fix their own nitrogen. However, they suffer several limitations as general production crops for molecular farming, such as restricted perenniality, low protein content and the presence of high levels of condensed tannins which interfere with protein extraction. Despite these disadvantages, clovers are forage crops and are there-... 

Cyanides are used widely and extensively in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics and plastics, in electroplating baths and metal mining operations, as pesticidal agents and intermediates in agricultural chemical production, and in predator control devices. Elevated cyanide levels are normally encountered in more than 1000 species of food plants and forage crops, and this probably... 

Lovelace, J., G.W. Miller, and G.W. Welkie. 1968. The accumulation of fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate in forage crops collected near a phosphate plant. Atmospher. Environ. 2 187-190. 

Content of chemical elements and their ratios are close to optimum Phaerozems, Chernozems and Kastanozems. I deficiency is common in river valleys Content of many nutrients is optimal in soils and forage crops in some places, the I deficiency of P, K, Mn, and I occurs Endemic increase of thyroid gland and endemic goiter take place in Phaerozems and Floodplain soils... 

Table 2. The lower, optimum, and upper limit concentrations of essential trace nutrients in forage crops for domestic animals in North Eurasia.

Trace metals Legumes Grasses Forage crops... 

With aridity increasing, various plant species of forage crops become gradually less numerous to finally disappear. In Dry Steppe ecosystems xerophylic half-shrubs and salt-tolerant plants replace the grasses. However, the ash content is higher in these species. This is attributed not only to a higher concentration of major ash elements in the plant tissue, but also to the exposure to finely dispersed dust adhered to the plants exterior (Table 9). 

Figure 3. Coefficients of bio geochemical uptake of heavy metals by typical plant species of Meadow Steppe Ecosystems of East European Plain. Aerial parts 1—legumes 2—grasses 3—forage crops roots 4—legumes, 5—grasses, 6—forage crops (Dobrovolsky, 1994).

Table 4. Content of metals in forage crops from Udlybaev-Chalil Ni-Cu-Co bio geochemical provinces of South Ural sub-region of biosphere, ppm by dry weight.

Skaggs, T.H., Poss, J.A., Shouse, P.J., Grieve, C.M. Irrigating Forage Crops with Saline Waters 1. Volumetric Lysimeter Studies. Vadose Zone J. 5(3), 815-823 (2006a)... 

Energy crops Short-rotation woody crops, herbaceous woody crops, grasses, starch crops, sugar crops, forage crops, oilseed crops, switchgrass, miscanthus... 

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