Livestock feed

In 2007 a bumper crop in corn took the edge off problems with supplies. The USDA confirmed that corn acreage was up almost 20% from 2006, with farmers planting almost 2.5 million more acres than they had planned. The crop was estimated at 13 billion bushels, up 23% from 2006. This caused corn prices to drop 40 cents to 50 cents a bushel, but increasing demand for corn to produce ethanol and to feed livestock in Asia, Latin American and elsewhere kept world stocks low. 

In France, the amount of area devoted to com crops actually fell between 1840 and 1944, dropping from an estimated 630 000 to 200 000 ha. Much of the com crop, especially silage com, was used to feed livestock raised on the farm. The decline in area was not consistent over France and was particularly marked in the southwest, where farming used less technology. 

This introduction reveals that much interest has been directed over a long time toward the utilization of various cellulosic materials as food for ruminants. Except in times of emergency (9, 10, 18, 19, 24), however, there does not appear to be a significant amount of wood waste used in feeding livestock. 

As much as two-thirds of the grain produced in the United States is used to feed livestock. To reduce costs and increase sustainability of livestock production, there is recent interest in using fast-growing, high-protein algal species as animal feed. 

Japan is the largest importer of rapeseed in the world (Table VIII), largely because they prefer rapeseed oil for cooking, japan itself produces relatively little rapeseed (Table IV), but their imports of rapeseed have increased steadily since 1971 to a total of 1,200,000 tonnes in 1981. Most of this comes from Canada. As would be expected, the production of rapeseed meal in Japan has also increased during the past decade to 684,000 tonnes in 1981. As the Canadian production of rapeseed has shifted to the canola types, so has the Japanese crushing since it is derived largely from the import of Canadian seed. The canola meal in Japan is now used extensively in feeding livestock. 

Whey is the cloudy, yellowish liquid that is left after milk has curdled. Sweet whey (pH 6.5-6J) is a by-product when milk is curdled with chymosin in cheese production. Acid or sour whey (pH 4.3-4.6) results from milk to which an acid has been added to aid in the curdling process (in the production of some types of Mozzarella cheeses). Whey has often been used to feed livestock, but the presence of proteins and other nutritionally important... 

Quinolizidine alkaloids occur in seeds (beans) of certain species of lupines Lupinus spp., Fabaceae), including domesticated varieties. In Europe, Africa and America, lupines have been used as valuable pulses for human nutrition and feeding livestock from ancient times. Native species growing in south-western Europe are white lupine (L. albus), blue (narrow leaf) lupine (I. angustifolius) and yellow lupine (L. luteus). Yellow lupine is currently grown in Western Australia, particularly for feed, and for human nutrition in many countries of Asia. Beans of pearl (Andean) lupine (I. mutabilis), called tarhui or tarwi, are eaten as pulses by South American Indians of the Andes region and also used as an oil crop (mainly in Chile). 

Feeding livestock unsupplemented feeds and forages which have been grown on mineral-deficient soils—It is... 

Feeding livestock extra amounts of certain minerals like copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, and zinc tends... 

The use of algae to feed livestock, especially poultry. Carotenes provided by drifting green algae, in particular those of the genus Ulva, are used to ensure that egg... 

Table 1. Feed Ingredient Usage by the Livestock and Poultry Industry, 1989-1991 10 t...

Animals exposed to sunlight for extended lengths of time do not require substantial dietary vitamin D. Current livestock management practices place an emphasis on high productivity, and most feed manufacturers recommend vitamin D supplementation of diets. Recommendations for practical levels of vitamin D in feeds for various animals, as recommended by feed manufacturers, are listed in Table 10. 

Between 1935 and 1960 outputs per man-hour of labor increased about 4.5 times, and crop production per hectare of crop-land almost doubled. Inputs of labor were decreased by 50 percent, inputs of land remained relatively stable, but inputs of non-real-estate capital inputs were nearly tripled. Among these capital inputs, those of seed, feed, and livestock purchased increased by about four times, and those of mechanical power and machinery by more than 2.5 times. 

Another method of comparison of energy use for production of food is the fossil energy used per unit of protein produced. In intensive livestock operations, such as egg production and animal feed lot operations,... 

However, the livestock feed market for astaxanthin, although presently small, will grow to a size comparable to the market for the synthetic compound, estimated at 185 million. The largest market for astaxanthin is aquaculture, which accounts for 24% of total global fisheries. Production is currently valued at 35 billion per annum and is expected to grow to 49 billion by 2010. 

Several practices have been suggested to reduce enteric CH4 emissions and emissions from wasfe. These include improving feeding practices, use of diefary supplemenfs, vaccines, improving livestock management, improving manure management, and production of biofuels. 

OPPTS 860.1000 Background OPPTS 860.1100 Chemical Identity OPPTS 860.1200 Directions for Use OPPTS 860.1300 Nature of Residue - Plants, Livestock OPPTS 860.1340 Residue Analytical Method OPPTS 860.1360 Multiresidue Method OPPTS 860.1380 Storage Stability Data OPPTS 860.1400 Water, Fish, Irrigated Crops OPPTS 860.1460 Food Handling OPPTS 860.1480 Meat/Milk/Poultry/Eggs OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials OPPTS 860.1520 Processed Food/Feed OPPTS 860.1550 Proposed Tolerances... 

Similar findings on dairy farms in Canada were reported by Stonehouse, et al. (2001). The superior economic performance on organic dairy farms was attributed to lower costs of production for almost all material inputs, including dairy herd replacements and livestock feeds. The organic dairy farmers used more land for feed crop production for the dairy cows in order to be as self-sufficient as possible. The conventional dairy farmers imported crop seeds, synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides, feedstuffs and herd replacements, with more of their land being devoted to cash crops. 

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