Livestock slaughter

United States Department of Agriculture. Livestock Slaughter 2011 Summary. April 2012. http //usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/ LiveSlauSu/LiveSlauSu-04-23-2012.pdf, downloaded April 2012. 

The supermarket needs to offer organic meat at the same level every day of the year. Hunt (1989) mentioned that, as a supermarket buyer, he had been approached by several suppliers offering one tomorrow, one in two months time and two for Christmas . Safeway required ten cattle per week. To fit into Safeway s distribution system, these cattle would need to be processed through one abattoir, which should be Safeway and Soil Association approved. He believed it to be unlikely that one farmer could supply this number every week of the year. However, the example of Chisel Farm (see Chapter 10) has demonstrated otherwise. Hunt suggested that producer groups be set up in conjunction with a central slaughter point. This, however, would create the additional problem that the producers and the abattoir would have to be located so as to ensure that the transport of livestock... 

Famphur use on livestock is contraindicated for less than 3-month-old calves animals stressed from castration, dehorning, or overexcitement and sick or convalescent animals. Brahman and Brahman crossbreeds are less tolerant of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides than other breeds, and Brahman bulls are especially sensitive and should not be treated with famphur. Cattle should not be slaughtered for at least 35 days after treatment with famphur. 

It is unlikely that human consumers of meat from 1080-killed ducks would be adversely affected after eating an average cooked portion (Temple and Edwards 1985). The risk to humans is minimal to low from eating meat of domestic animals accidentally poisoned with high sublethal concentrations of 1080 because it is cleared rapidly from domestic animals, usually within a few days (Eason et al. 1994). In the absence of additional data, it seems prudent to postpone for at least 3 weeks the slaughter or marketing of livestock that survived 1080 exposure. No livestock in the United States contaminated with 1080 are marketed (Connolly 1993a). 

Routes of Entry to the Body Inhalation of aerosol, tick bites, crushing an infected tick, or at the slaughter of viremic livestock. 

Animal Proteases. These include the pancreatic trypsins and the rennets, which are produced in both ultrapure and industrial bulk qualities. Again, the prospects for large increases in supply depend on the political and agricultural policies that control the production of livestock for slaughter. Currently, these enzymes cannot meet demand on a world basis adequately, with the result that the more price sensitive users have increasing interest in microbial enzymes. 

Nortestosterone and its derivatives are banned for use in livestock production within tlie European Union, but have been abused as growth promoters in cattle (17). Abuse can be detected by finding injection sites at slaughter and also by monitoring bile and urine for 17 -19-nortestosterone and/or its 17 -epimer, the major metabolite in cattle (18, 19). However, it is known that 17 -19-nortes-tosterone occurs naturally in pregnant cows (20), and 17 -19-nortestosterone is produced in boars (21) and stallions (22). To evade detection of injection sites at slaughter, some producers have used either multiple injections of small volumes at obscure sites or pour-on formulations. 

Residues have the potential to cause significant monetary losses to livestock industry. The livestock producer can have direct financial losses from violative drug residues through condemnations of carcasses at slaughter, rejection of milk, increased production costs, test costs, and regulatory action. 

Livestock housing can be defined as the way that animals are accommodated on a farm . This can include both stables or pasture systems. In a broader sense, housing covers all factors that could influence the animal, including handling by humans, transport and slaughtering. Furthermore, influences from animal housing on the environment are considered, especially pollution. 

This form of livestock marketing might occur where a local butcher selects from the field, offers a price, liveweight or deadweight, and arranges the slaughter for the producer. This type of relationship can keep costs to the absolute minimum, and can be a very useful outlet for the producer. 

Development of the cattle industry in California was different from what took place in Texas and mid-America. However, as the nation became involved in the Industrial Revolution, immigrants from abroad moved into eastern cities. These immigrants developed a greater taste for beef, which increased the demand from the cattle industry. The nation s first combined slaughter and meatpacking operation was established in 1838 at Alton, Illinois, and in 1865, the Chicago Stockyard became the nation s leading livestock market. 

Livestock are often fed sugar prior to slaughter to improve the color and taste of the meat. 

Wilcox, Greenwood, and Galloway (124) found that meat quality and dressing percentage could be increased by feeding sugar to livestock prior to slaughter. 

The use of veterinary medicines in food-producing animals raises concerns regarding the potential for the occurrence of residues in milk or in carcasses at slaughter. A 2007 poll of European consumers on food safety issues indicated that concern about the presence of such residues received a high ranking. Such concerns include residues of antimicrobial compounds, which constitute the largest class of approved veterinary compounds administered to farmed livestock globally. 

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