Livestock manure storage

Nicholson, F. A., Groves, S. J., and Chambers, B. J. (2005). Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application. Bioresource Technol. 96,135-143. 

Differences in dietary N intake and N excretion, housing system and period, manure storage and spreading, and livestock density will affect the amount volatilised (Stolze et al. 2000). Since organic systems operate at a lower level of intensity, NH, losses may be lower too. 

Provide adequate storage capacity for livestock manures. 

Manure storage Waste control Livestock Strength, thickness... 

Intensive pig production is the major cause of complaints about agricultural odours in the U.K.(l). 56% of such complaints received by local authorities in 1982 concerned pig farms and 69% of these were about the storage and spreading of manure, which is usually handled as slurry. The numbers of prosecutions against farmers are increasing and the public are becoming increasingly intolerant of odours from livestock units. The effective control of odours from pig slurry is thus important. 

Hutchison, M. L., Walters, L. D., Avery, S. M., and Moore, A. (2005). Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen levels and prevalences in farm manures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 71,1231-1236. 

In some modern dairies and in systems of mass production of livestock, where the floors of barns or feeding areas are of concrete, the manure may be collected daily and hauled to the field with a minimum of storage involved. Under such conditions it is possible to get almost all of the voided nutrients onto the soil. Losses can be reduced to a minimum if such manure can be incorporated into the soil immediately, or if a growing crop is present to utilize the nutrients. This is not always feasible because of the cropping system or time of the year, and in such cases some storage may be necessary. Manure thrown on uncropped frozen ground during the winter months is usually used very inefficiently. 

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