Livestock feeds, supplementation

The nonfertilizer calcium phosphates are manufactured by the neutralization of phosphoric acid with lime. The processes for different calcium phosphates differ substantially in the amount and type of lime and amount of process water used. Relatively pure, food-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are manufactured in a stirred batch reactor from furnace-grade acid and lime slurry, as shown in the process flow diagram of Figure 3. Dicalcium phosphate is also manufacmred for livestock feed supplement use, with much lower specifications on product purity. 

Reid DG, Sackett WM, Spaulding RE. 1977. Uranium and radium in livestock feed supplements. Health Phys 32 535. 

Another type of biomass used as fuel comes from distilleries using corn, sorghum, sugar beets and other organic products. The ethyl alcohol, or ethanol fuel can be mixed in a ratio of l-to-10 with gasoline to produce gasohol. The mash, or debris, that is left behind contains all the original protein and is used as a livestock feed supplement. A bushel of corn pro-... 

Ammonia is easily liquefied, and the liquid is used as a nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium salts, such as the sulfate and nitrate, are also sold as fatilizers. Large quantities of ammonia are converted to urea, NH2CONH2, which is used as a fertilizer, as a livestock feed supplement, and in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde plastics. Ammonia is also the starting compound for the preparation of most other nitrogen compounds. 

Peat is formed when dead vegetation is saturated with water which prevents the action of aerobic bacteria. Thus, most of the carbon of the cellulosic matter is retained, and with ageing, peat is formed. It accumulates at an average rate of 0.7 mm/year or worldwide at 210 Mt of carbon. Canada (40%) and Russia (36%) have more than 3/4 of the world s peat land (320 Mha or 150 x 10 Mt of carbon). In Russia, peat deposits occupy about 1/10 of the total country s terrain. It is a spongy watery mass when first obtained from the peat bog. Six toimes of dry peat yield about 1 t of fuel. A commercial grade of peat contains about 25% water. Air-dried peat has a heating value of about 16.3 MJ/kg. Peat is rich in bitumens, carbohydrates, and humic acids, and as a chemical source, it can yield waxes, paraffins, resins, and oils. Peat also is a source of pharmaceutical and curative preparations as well as a livestock-feed supplement. 

Tyramine From Tyrosine. This is so easy that it is scary, and is probably the reason that tyrosine is watched very closely by the DBA. To avoid exposure to the DEA you may use the formula in the precursors section of this book. It is fairly simple to make. Also, your local health food store, Co-Op or livestock feed supplier may have tyrosine, as it is an important amino acid that is used sometimes as a feed supplement. These farm type suppliers that I have come to know do not report sales of tyrosine to the DEA. Maybe, in your part of the nation, they do. 

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Contaminant Fire retardant inadvertently substituted for feed supplement in Michigan livestock loss, undetermined effect on human health... 

Data from a statistical report ( ) indicated that over one million tons of dried citrus pulp and pellets were produced during a recent season from the Florida crop, which was about 70% of total U. S. citrus production. This by-product is important to the function of the citrus processing industry and to many livestock producers who use it as a cattle feed supplement. 

Scarcity of animal feed resources, particularly during the dry season, is a major constraint to livestock production in the tropics. Animal feed supplements are too expensive for most farmers. Therefore, alternative feed sources are receiving a lot of attention in research. M. oleifera is a multipurpose tree, the leaves of which are used as animal feed in many places (72), but its potential as an animal feed supplement has only began to be actively documented in the recent years. 

Some of the end uses for this material are dictated by the species of iron in the solution. In the oxidized state, the ferric can be used as a flocculant in sewage treatment plants, phosphate precipitant, and pigment for paint, among other uses. Once the solutions are neutralized to a pH of about 5, the solutions can be oxidized with air (slowly) or hydrogen peroxide to create the ferric ions that are needed for these applications. In the reduced state (ferrous), the solutions can be neutralized and used as an iron supplement in livestock feed. 

Veterinary Applications. Another use for antibiotics is for veterinary applications and for animal feed supplements to promote growth in Livestock (see Feeds and feed additives). Feed antibiotics used in the United States far surpass all other agricultural applications in terms of kilogram quantities used and approach quantities used in human medicines (25). In 1980 the USA feed antibiotic usage was estimated to be between five and six million kg. The U.S. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology estimates that feed additives save the U.S. consumer approximately 3500 million per year in meat prices, and antibiotic use accounts for most of this. 

Makkar HPS, Becker K (1997) Potential of J. curcas seed metil as a protein supplement to livestock feed, constraints to its utilisation and possible strategies to overcome constraints. In Giibits GM, Mittelbach M, Tiabi M (eds) Biofuels and industrieil products from J. curcasDb, Graz, pp 190-205... 

Amino acids are building blocks of proteins but are also used extensively as nutritional supplements and in livestock feed [20, 21]. Amino acids are produced normally by all organisms, but native production typically has feedback... 

The small round seeds of these crops contain over 40% oil and upon oil extraction yield a meal, on a dry matter basis, with over 40% high quality protein. In many Asian countries the meal is prized as an organic fertilizer, but in the Western World it is used exclusively as a high quality protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry. 

Nonetheless, glucosinolates and their derivatives are biologically active and have pronounced effects when consumed in excess or when encountered by certain other organisms. Numerous instances of animal poisonings occur because of these plants. Detoxification of the pressed or extracted seed meals of rape and crambe are important processes because of the large quantities that are used as feed supplements for livestock and poultry (Van Etten and Tookey, 1978). 

In addition to their use as fertilizers, ammonia and urea are used as a source of protein in ruminant livestock feeds. Urea is used in mixed feed supplements to supply the nitrogen needed for the biosynthesis of proteins by the microorganisms in ruminating animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. 

While the contribution of extracellular nitrogenous compounds is uncertain, preparations of poplar (Populus) sp. leaves have been used as a high-energy feed supplement for livestock (e.g., 36). Some preparations may contain toxic extracellular compounds. Lectins from Robinia pseudoacacia are toxic to mammalian cells, and have been explored as therapeutic agents in cancer patients (cf., 81, 88). 

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