Livestock pastures

Reasons for proliferation of poisonons weeds in livestock pastures Effect of tannin and tea gronnds on feeding by gray squirrels Gnstatory responses of lake stnrgeon (Acipenserfulvescens) imeaiXt , to extracts of natnral prey and amino acids... 

Annual cropping by traditional methods requires more labor, and yields are generally lower. Although animal power can help reduce human labor and provide manure for fertilizer, draught animals must be either fed by some of the crop or pastured, thereby increasing the land area required per person unless yields per unit of land increase accordingly. Average livestock ate one-fourth of the yield in the early nineteenth centuiy. 

The results of metabolism studies with laboratory animals and livestock indicate that endosulfan does not bioconcentrate in fatty tissues and milk. Lactating sheep administered radiolabeled endosulfan produced milk containing less than 2% of the label. Endosulfan sulfate was the major metabolite in milk (Gorbach et al. 1968). A half-life of about 4 days was reported for endosulfan metabolites in milk from survivors of a dairy herd accidentally exposed to acutely toxic concentrations of endosulfan endosulfan sulfate accounted for the bulk of the residues detected in the milk (Braun and Lobb 1976). No endosulfan residues were detected in the fatty tissue of beef cattle grazed on endosulfan-treated pastures for 31-36 days (detection limits of 10 ppm for endosulfan, 40 ppm for endosulfan diol) the animals began grazing 7 days after treatment of the pastures. Some residues were detected in the fatty tissue of one animal administered 1.1 mg/kg/day of endosulfan in the diet for 60 days. No endosulfan residues were... 

The most satisfactory method for the organic farmer to reduce the risk of infection to lambs from internal parasites is to practise clean grazing, which reduces parasitic infection and increases lamb growth rate (Fig. 3.5). The most effective method of clean grazing is, as we have seen, to use a three year rotational system with sheep, followed by cattle, and then arable. This presupposes land that can be ploughed. On permanent pasture farms with no arable, beef and sheep should be alternated. To make this effective, it helps if there are as many beef livestock units as sheep. If the farm contains only sheep, then it is advisable to alternate on an annual basis between ewes with twins and ewes with singles. If the flock normally produces mostly... 

However, the most interesting of the Baccharis species is most certainly B. coridifolia. This plant is well-known in Brazil as being one of that country s most toxic plants (49) and is a serious hazard to livestock who graze in pastures populated by B. coridifolia (49). Four separate collections were made of B. coridifolia (48). Three of these collections were "From several miles outside Curitaba and a fourth collection in a pasture near Santa Maria, the site of an earlier collection of 13. coridifolia (47), and several hundred miles away from Curitaba. ThTs latter collection and two of the three former collections contained appreciable quantities of roridins A and E. A third collection from near Curitaba appeared to contain no macrocyclic trichothecenes. From a 20 g sample of one of the collections of B. coridifolia... 

The preventive procedure relies on putting worm-free animals on a parasite-free or a clean pasture. Clean areas may be new leys or can be provided on permanent pasture by alternating with other livestock species not sharing the same spectrum of parasites, or by use of aftermath after harvesting a hay or silage crop (this procedure is generally difficult to apply under practical farming conditions). 

The evasive grazing approach means that susceptible animals will be moved to clean pastures before they can reinfect themselves. Evasive grazing does not restrict contamination of the pasture by worm eggs, but relies on movement of livestock to another pasture just before the larvae resulting from these eggs are likely to appear in significant numbers on the original pasture. 

Most organic farmers recycle their manures on the farm. Any other manure is likely to be polluted with residues of veterinary products used to treat the animals. If manure from an organic farm is not available, try to source it from pasture-raised herds or less intensive livestock units. You may find local stables that are eager to give away their manure, but do ask when their horses were last wormed. 

Under special conditions, such as hot weather followed by a freeze and drought, cyanogenic compounds can accumulate in cherry leaves. Caterpillars such as the Eastern tent czterpi hr,Malacosoma americanum, concentrate the toxic substances further in their bodies. Finally livestock inadvertently ingest their feces and carcasses on pastures or from water tanks. In 2001, this resulted in over... 

Livestock housing can be defined as the way that animals are accommodated on a farm . This can include both stables or pasture systems. In a broader sense, housing covers all factors that could influence the animal, including handling by humans, transport and slaughtering. Furthermore, influences from animal housing on the environment are considered, especially pollution. 

The Act was written to cover pesticide use on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses. It does not include applications to pastures, golf courses, parks, livestock, right-of-way, or home gardens, nor does it cover treatments for mosquito abatement and rodent control. 

Fanatico, A. and Born, H. (2002) Label Rouge pasture-based poultry production in France. An ATTRA Livestock Technical Note. Available at http //attra.ncat.org/ attra-pub / PDF / labelrouge.pdf... 

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