Livestock soybean production

The Ajnerican Soybean Association, of Hudson, Iowa, collects data on soybeans, soybean oil, soybean oil meal, lecithin, plywood glues, all livestock feeds, and any commodities using soybean products, for the following production, sales, foreign trade and markets, new equipment, and production facilities, all annually prices, daily and new product surveys as needed. In addition it publishes a monthly magazine. The Soybean Digest H). 

What is not often appreciated is the extent to which immune responses to soybean proteins influence the growth and development in both humans and livestock. Three to eight percent of children develop immune responses to soybean proteins, sensitivities that usually result in gastrointestinal disturbances that are outgrown upon reaching puberty. Nonetheless, as much as 2% of adults present with a lasting sensitivity to soybean products (see refs. 7, 8 for review). 

The main reason for the popularity of SBM is the unique composition of amino acids (AAs) that complements the AA compositions of many cereal grains. The excellent AA quality in SBM is also the reason why SBM is now increasingly being used in the pet-food industry. While SBM is by far the most popular soybean product in livestock diets, other products are also being used to a varying degree. These products include full-fat soybeans, soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI) soy-... 

Soybean products are excellent sources of protein and energy for beef cattle. Approximately 7.0% of the SBM utilized in the United States is fed to beef catde. This is a much smaller portion than the quantities utilized by swine and poultry (Fig. 18.1). The purpose of this section is to describe the reason for this relationship and how recent research may increase the use of SBM in beef cattle diets in the future. With over 40 million growing and finishing beef cattle produced in the United States each year, this is a huge potential market for soybean products. To understand why only 7% of the SBM consumed by livestock and poultry is fed to beef catde, one has to begin with a discussion of the digestive physiology of ruminants. 

Composition and Uses. Soybeans are distinguished from other oil crops in that they only yield approximately 21% oil but 40-50% protein. Because of the high content in proteins soybeans historically have been a protein rather than an oil seed crop. The market for soybean products is largely driven by soy meal applications, more particularly by the food and the livestock feed industries (Figures 9.1.15 and 9.1.16). The majority of soy protein is a... 

In the United States, about 30% of the soybean production is used for food and industrial products, and soybean products are the leading protein supplements for livestock. In addition to the use of soybean oil, soy protein is revolutionizing the modern food system its use as an ingredient, extender, and analog has spread to products in every category of food available to the public—in home and away from home. 

Conventional livestock production systems can be very diverse and this diversity is influenced by economic, geographic, environmental and cultural factors. Conventional inputs for direct use in ruminant production include many types of plant feeds (i.e. forages, cereals, soybeans, etc.), industrial by-products (i.e. molasses, distiller s dried grain, meat bone meal, etc.), feed... 

Only 2% of soybean protein is consumed directly by humans in the form of soy food products such as tofu, soy hamburger, or soy milk analogs. All but a very small percentage of the other 98% is processed into soybean meal and fed to livestock, such as poultry and pigs. 

Since the mid-1990s, China dedicated itself to increasing its processing capacity. They shifted domestic policy to favor soybean meal for livestock feed, and soybean oil for human consumption. This policy causes China to import large quantities of soybeans, mostly from Brazil and the United States, to fuel its growing processing industry. Chinas demand combined with Brazil s relatively small-animal industry resulted in Brazil exporting 73% of the soybeans it produces (production + a small amount of imports), 48% in the form of meal and 52% as raw soybeans. 

Critical to the vitality of the U.S. soybean complex is the continued expansion of the livestock sector. For example, over the last ten years, poultry production in the United States grew only two-thirds of the world rate, and exports grew only one-fourth of the global rate. This indicates that poultry production is not only growing faster outside the United States, but new demand is being met by offshore producers, such as Brazil and China. China would source some of their soybeans from the United States, while Brazil will not. The challenge for the U.S. soybean industry is how to make U.S. soybeans and soybean meal a preferred input for the rapidly expanding livestock and aquaculture industries overseas. 

The major use of okara is livestock feed, however, there are various ways of using okara as food. For examples, in some parts of China, okara is salted and spiced and served as a pickle, or simply made into a dish with meat or vegetable. In other parts of China, okara is pressed into cakes and allowed to ferment for 10-15 days until covered with the white mycelium of Rhizopm mold. The cakes are dried in the sun and then deep-fried or cooked with vegetables. A similar product, known as tempeh gembus, is also popular in Indonesia. Sometimes, okara may be mixed with soybeans before fermentation. 

Soybeans are a rich source of protein (about 40%) and have a wide range of uses as foods, livestock feeds, oil and health care products. Soy proteins contain... 

Santos-Silva, J., Mendes, I. A., Portugal, P. V., Bessa, R. J. B. (2004). Effect of particle size and soybean oil supplementation on growth performance, carcass and meat quahty and fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids of lambs. Livestock Production Science, 90, 79-88. 

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