Livestock pests

Table 1.4 shows that in 1997, more insecticides were applied to control insects in cotton and corn than other crops. Insecticide use on potatoes, other vegetables, apples, and citrus remained approximately constant between 1980 and 1997 (National Research Council, 2000). From Table 1.5, it is seen that in 1998, we heavily used organophosphate insecticides for controlling termites, livestock pests, and mosquitoes. Organophosphate insecticides have been one of the most important classes of insecticides used for protecting crops, livestock, and human health over the past 60 years. 

Spray-dip machines are used to treat livestock for external parasites. They are used in farm, ranch, regulatory, and other livestock pest control operations. 

Liquefied gas aerosols. 2 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 159 Livestock. pest com ml 293 Logarithmic isoholes 177 l.Tyj 204... 

The first important synthetic insectide from turpentine - isobornyl thio-cyanoacetate (prepared from camphene) - went into production in 1940. Its use in the control of household and livestock pests peaked in the 1940s when imported pyrethrum was in short supply because of World War II. By 1979 it was no longer being produced. 

The possibility of controlling anthropod pests in livestock has been evaluated by implanting PCL capsules, dimensions 2 or 4 cm, containing 20-hydroxyecdysone or 3p,53,14a-trihydroxy-5p-cholest-7-en-6-one. No in vitro or in vivo release rates were reported but effective biological control was achieved in rabbits (90,91). 

The production of livestock and livestock products has been greatly increased through the effective application of agricultural chemicals, as evidenced in the control of insects and diseases on and around dairy cattle, which has resulted in many instances of increased milk production ranging between 15 and 20%. It has been reliably estimated that the treatment of beef cattle for insect pests has resulted in additional gains of 50 pounds per head of beef animals treated. The dollar value of these increases in both beef and milk has been estimated at 54,000,000 per year. 

The crops and livestock look after themselves. Nature has never found it necessary to design the equivalent of the spraying machine and the poison spray for the control of insect and fungus pests. There is nothing in the nature of vaccines and serums for the protection of the livestock. It is true that all kinds of diseases are to be found here and there among the plants and animals of the forest, but these never assume large proportions. The principle followed is that the plants and animals can very well protect themselves even when such things as parasites are to be found in their midst. Nature s rule in these matters is to live and let live (Howard, 1943). 

The use of 1080 in the United States is now restricted to livestock collars on sheep and goats for protection against predation by coyotes. Other countries, most notably Australia and New Zealand, use 1080 extensively in a variety of baits to control many species of vertebrate pests. 

Connolly, G. and R.J. Burns. 1990. Efficacy of compound 1080 livestock protection collars for killing coyotes that attack sheep. Pages 269-276 in L.R. Davis and R.E. Marsh (eds.). Proc. 14th Vertebrate Pest Conf, Univ. California, Davis, CA. 

Pesticides are chemical or biological substances intended to control weeds, insects, fungi, rodents, bacteria, and other pests. They protect food crops and livestock, control household pests, promote agricultural productivity, and protect public health. The importance of pesticides to modern society can be summarized by a statement made by Norman E. Borlaug, the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize winner Let s get our priorities in perspective. We must feed ourselves and protect ourselves against the health hazards of the world. To do that, we must have agricultural chemicals. Without them, the world population will starve [1]. 

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