Lining pipe

The variatioa of average pipeline coastmctioa costs with increasing size of line pipe is showa ia Figure 2, based oa data takea from FERC coastmctioa permit appHcatioas from July 1991 to July 1992. The cost of a common carrier pipeline project must be reported to the FERC ao later than six months after successful hydrostatic testing. 

Shipment and Storage. Sulfur dichloride, if kept dry, is noncorrosive at ambient temperatures, thus carbon steel and Hon can be used Hi the constmction of tanks, piping, and dmms. However, when water or humidity is present, materials resistant to hydrochloric acid must be used, eg, glass-lined pipe. Teflon, titanium, HasteUoy C, or possibly a chemically resistant, glass-reiaforced polyester. Threaded pipe joHits should be assembled with Teflon tape. Hoses should be constmcted with a Teflon inner lining with the outer tube constmcted of Neoprene or braided 316 stainless steel protected by an adequate thickness of Teflon. Sulfur dichloride should be stored away from heat and away from dHect rays of the sum. Toluene and sulfur dichloride react exothermically when catalyzed by Hon or ferric chloride. Safety precautions should be foUowed when such a mixture is present (165). 

Chlorosulfuric acid attacks brass, bronze, lead, and most other nonferrous metals. From a corrosion standpoint, carbon steel and cast Hon are acceptable below 35°C provided color and Hon content is not a concern. Stainless steels (300-series) and certain aluminum alloys are acceptable materials of constmction, as is HasteUoy. Glass, glass-lined steel, or Teflon-lined piping and equipment are the preferred materials at elevated temperatures and/or high velocities or where trace Hon contamination is a problem, such as in the synthetic detergent industry. 

Lined pipe collapsed at gasket area or ID due to buildup of corrosion products between liner and carbon-steel pipe. 

Cement-Lined Steel Cement-hned steel pipe is made by lining steel pipe with special cement. Its use prevents pickup of iron by the fluid handled, corrosion of the metal by brackish water, and growth of tuberculation. Threaded pipe in sizes from to 4 in is stocked however, cement-lined pipe in sizes smaller than in is not considered practical for common use. 

The coefficients of expansion of iron and cement are nearly ahke. Table 10-39 gives dimensions of cement-lined pipe. 

Use minimum flow recirculation lines piped back to feed vessel... 

Ensure proper care is used during lined pipe installation... 

Barrel or canned vertical turbine pumps can be used in-line (Piping, auxiliary booster, and low NPSH applications). 

Fig. 1 6 Coating of a line pipe with bitumen in the pipemiil in 1935 (photo Deutsche Rbhrenwerke, Dusseldorf).

Propylene Glycol 5 fps Steel water, lined pipe 5-8 fpsl 3 asphalt-line, saran-... 

Kiefner, J. F. and W, A. Maxey, Specifying Fracture Toughness Ranks High In Line Pipe Selection, Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 9,1995. 

Piping normally is denoted by solid lines. Piping lines on the P 1 diagram should be accompanied by the following identifying information ... 

Bearing retainers, tanks, tank linings, pipe, valves, process equipment... 

Wire insulation, chemical ware, pipe lining, pipe, process equipment lining... 

Laminated, parallel Lignin plastics Line pipe... 

Line pipe Pipeline used for transportation of gas, oil, or water utility... 

TWO-PHASE PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION IN A PIPE LINE PIPE INTERNAL DIAMETER, inch 3.070... 

In the sulfide stress cracking region, appropriate metallurgy is required in line piping, pressure vessels, etc. There is a listing of acceptable steels in the NACE standard. Steels with a hardness of less than 22 Rockwell C hardness should be used in areas where sulfide-stress cracking is a problem. 

Some flame arrester designs allow in-place inspection (via a removable honsing cover plate) however, others have to be removed from the vent nozzle or in-line piping to inspect the flame arrester element. 

The various levels of the taxonomy represent factors that have an impact on failure rate. For example, lined pipe (CCPS taxonomy number 3.2.2) has a level that groups pipe into 0-6 size and over 6 . Unless the pipe size is specified, there is no way of knowing whether a given failure rate came from the 0-6 or the over 6 range. 

This report is by Battelle Columbus Division to the Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of the American Gas Association. It presents an analysis of statistical data obtained from reports of lea)c or rupture (service) incidents and test failures in natural gas transmission and gathering lines over the 14.5 year period from 1970 through June, 1984. All gas transmission companies were required to notify the Office of Pipeline Safety Operations in the event of a "reportable" incident, as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the study is to organize the reportable incident data into a meaningful format from which the safety record of the industry can be assessed. 

Pressure 3.2.2.1 Piping Systems-Lined Pipe- Suppression Systems-Dry Powder... 

Taxonomy No. 3.2.2.1 Equipment Description PIPING SYSTEMS -LINED PIPE-STRAIGHT SECTIONS ... 

Connection of feinforced flofed face to gasketed plastic-lined pipe... 

Friction loss in rubber-lined pipe is usually considered equivalent to that in new steel pipe of one-half to one nominal size smaller, with little or no change due to aging, unless knowm conditions can be interpolated. For a given inside diameter, the friction loss is the same (or slightly less) than clean steel pipe. 

For 2-inch (nominal) and larger vinyl, saran, or hard rubber pipe, the friction loss does not exceed clean steel. With saran and rubber-lined pipe the loss is about equal to clean steel at the 2.5-inch size, increasing to 2 to 4 times the loss at the 1-inch size. 

When placing mesh in small diameter vessels it is important to discount the area taken up by the support ring before determining the operating velocity of the unit. For small 6-, 8-, and 12-inch vessels (such as in-line, pipe-with-mesh units) it is usual practice to use 6- or 8-inch thickness of mesh for peak performance. 

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