Line pipe, testing

The variatioa of average pipeline coastmctioa costs with increasing size of line pipe is showa ia Figure 2, based oa data takea from FERC coastmctioa permit appHcatioas from July 1991 to July 1992. The cost of a common carrier pipeline project must be reported to the FERC ao later than six months after successful hydrostatic testing. 

This report is by Battelle Columbus Division to the Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of the American Gas Association. It presents an analysis of statistical data obtained from reports of lea)c or rupture (service) incidents and test failures in natural gas transmission and gathering lines over the 14.5 year period from 1970 through June, 1984. All gas transmission companies were required to notify the Office of Pipeline Safety Operations in the event of a "reportable" incident, as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the study is to organize the reportable incident data into a meaningful format from which the safety record of the industry can be assessed. 

Fabrication by welding of clad or lined piping components, and the inspection and testing of such components, shall be done in accordance with applicable provisions of the ASME BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, UCL-30 through UCL-52, or the provisions of Chapters IP-9 and IP-10, whichever are more stringent. 

A field cold bend may be made to a shorter minimum radius than permitted in (a)(2) above, provided the completed bend meets all other requirements of this section and the wall thickness after bending is not less than the minimum permitted by para. PL-3.7.1(a). This may be demonstrated through appropriate testing. Note that cold bending may make line pipe more susceptible to the effects of hydrogen embrittlement. 

D. N. Williams. Correlation of the Results of Stepwise Cracking Tests with Service Experience in Sour Gas. Battelle report to NG-18 Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of the American Gas Association, October 1983. NG-18 Report 138. 

The process for manufacturing seamless line pipe is shown schematically in Figure 5.8. In this process, a heated metal cylinder is pierced and then formed into the proper diameter and wall thickness. Seamless pipe is available through 26 in. (660 mm) diameter, but it is normally used only up to 16 in. (405 mmi diameter. Although seamless line pipe is the most expensive (15 to 25% above ERW), it is the most reiitable Even so, failures do occur. Hydrostatic test records reveal that about one failure occurs every 500 mu (800 km) of test. Some mills produce seamless pipe that has a significantly higher failure rate thus, it is important to ensure adequate quality control. 

The total direct material and manpower costs for construction of the plant are 605,400 and 152,100, as shown in line 11. These sum to 757,500 and include items that cannot be charged to the individual equipment items (e.g., charges for instrument testing, pipe testing, and equipment grounding). Note that the installed costs of the equipment items are displayed on the List View ... 

The land-line pipe was tested in sections by a static pressure water test. 

A Bingham slurry with a concentration of 50% by weight is tested in a plastic-lined pipe with an inner diameter of 2.5 in. The tests indicate a yield stress of 1.5 Pa, a slurry mixture specific gravity of 1.54, and a coefficient of rigidity of 0.4 Pa s. Assuming a flow speed of 4 ft/s in a laminar regime, determine the friction factor by Buckingham s equation. 

The suggested method is appropriately implemented at the practice. The cost and working hours of unit measurement of it is less than of any alternative method of destructive test and with respect to the authenticity inspection of Stress-Deformation the given method is inferior only to destructive testing. The method was successfully implemented while evaluation of service life of main pipe-lines sections and pressure vessels as well. Data of method and instrument are used as official data equally with ultrasonic, radiation, magnetic particles methods, adding them by the previously non available information about " fatigue " metalwork structure. 

The use of tracers enables efficient and reliable measurements of oil, gas and water flow in industrial process units and pipe line systems under production conditions thus fundamentally being non-destructive testing methods. Typical problems which can be efficiently assessed by tracer studies include ... 

These temperature limits are based on material tests and do not necessarily reflect evidence of successful use as piping-component linings at these temperatures. The designer should contact the manufacturer for specific applications, particularly as temperature limits are approached. 

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