Line pipe, splits

When dealing with water treatment applications you carmot avoid pipe flow calculations. We have a pipeline in which the throughput capacity of 500 Liter/sec. The flow is split into two pipelines and the inside diamter of the pipe is 350 mm. The length of the pipeline is 55 m. The entry loss is 0.70 and the exit loss is 1.00. There are two 45° bends and two 90° bends in the lines, (a) Determine the flow per pipe (b) determine the line velocity (c) determine the resulting hydraulic loss in meters. 

Piping to Burners - First and second stage piping and headers, as well as the burner lines themselves, are sized to minimize pressure drop and velocity effects. Thus, maldistribution of flow to the burners will be minimized. The burner lines are fabricated from standard 1(X) mm pipe, and are arranged in a split grid layout with distribution headers and split feed lines on opposite sides, for both first and second stage burners. First and second stage headers must be sloped so that any condensate will drain back to the seal drums. However, the burner lines must be accurately installed in a horizontal plane. 

Wastewater exits the lagoon and flows over a weir and into a splitter box where the flow is split to the two secondary clarifiers. Cationic polymer is added, as needed, before the secondary clarifiers, to enhance settling of the suspended solids. The settled solids consist of active biological matter and are returned via return sludge pumps to the lagoon through a return line that discharges from two pipes within 7.6m (25 ft) of the influent from the lift pumps. 

Appliance loss is a loss in pressure caused by a hose appliance being placed in a hose line. An appliance can be a device used to split one line into two smaller lines such as a gated wye, a section of pipe in... 

Profiles comprise cross sections that are not a circle, annulus, or wide sheet. Like pipe and tubing lines, profile extrusion lines consist of an extruder, profile die, calibration device, cooling system, puller, and a cut-off saw and stacker or wind-up unit. The main differences are the dies and calibration units. Due to lack of symmetry, obtaining a correct cross section in a profile die is difficult. Differential flow resistance in different parts of the cross section alters the flow rate for these parts of the die. In addition, die swell may vary due to the differences in flow. Consequently, the extrudate may bend as it exits the die. To equalize flow, the die land length is varied or restricting plates are used in channels where the flow is too rapid. Many profile dies are split into sections, with the die sliced perpendicular to the major axis. Thus, sections can be altered in the process of die development. Flow simulation software is particularly useful in profile die design. 

Fio. 2.7. Chlorination furnace TC, thermocouple positions 1, chlorine gas preheater 2, charcoal diffuser bed 3, resistor carbon 4, charge of briquettes 5, graphite electrode 6, split graphite-pipe top heater 7, feed hopper 8, nichrome heater for cross-over pipe 9, nickel-lined condenser 10, water-cooled iron aftercondenser 11, exhaust to scrubbers 12, condenser heating air blower 13, nichrome air heater (Stephens, W. W. and Gilbert H. L. Ref. 62). 

There are three basic issues in lead pipe rehabilitation (i) lead pipe lateral rehabilitation on the public portion of the water supply system that runs from the water main to the water meter or stop-cock (curb-stop) (ii) lead pipes on the private portion of the water supply line from the meter or stop-cock to the house and (iii) lead pipe-work within the house. Whilst the only 100% control method will be the removal or all lead pipes, there are substantially less expensive alternatives available consisting of chemical treatment and internal cathodic protection. Total lead pipe removal also has the problem of split ownership and responsibility, disturbance, and destruction of land-scaping (external) and decoration (internal). 

Although the code recommends taking out of service defective sections of the pipeline, it accepts that this is not always possible. It does, therefore, allow for certain methods of repair while the pipeline is in service, such as the use of mechanically split sleeves, hot tapping, encirclement of welds, etc. The engineer should, however, be aware that these methods may not apply to rubber, polyurethane, or HDPE-lined steel pipes as they would damage the internal lining by heat. 

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