The Period from

The 5th Framework Programme is under preparation, for the period from 1998 - 2002. 

Price. The price history of ABS in the United States is presented in Table 5 for the period from 1979 to 1987. The almost continual rise in prices ... 

By 1990, there were 264,500 produciag gas wells ia the Uoited States. During the period from 1970 through 1990, there was a coatiaual iacrease ia... 

During the period from 1950 to 1992, the worldwide proven reserves of natural gas increased at an average annual rate of approximately 6.7% (3—5). In this same period, worldwide production iacreased at an average annual rate of approximately 5.7% (5) so that the annual worldwide consumption of natural gas as of 1992 was equivalent to approximately 1.7% of the proven reserves. This suggests that the proven reserves, assuming the reserves could be deUvered to the existing world markets, could satisfy the requirements of this market for more than 50 years. However, world population is expected to iacrease and the demand for natural gas is expected to expand both ia areas that are heavily iadustrialized and ia areas where iadustrialization activities are underway. 

Sodium nitrate is used as a fertiliser and in a number of industrial processes. In the period from 1880—1910 it accounted for 60% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production. In the 1990s sodium nitrate accounts for 0.1% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production, and is used for some specific crops and soil conditions. This decline has resulted from an enormous growth in fertiliser manufacture and an increased use of less expensive nitrogen fertilisers (qv) produced from synthetic ammonia (qv), such as urea (qv), ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates, ammonium sulfate, and ammonia itself (see Ammonium compounds). The commercial production of synthetic ammonia began in 1921, soon after the end of World War I. The main industrial market for sodium nitrate was at first the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) and explosives (see Explosives and propellants). As of the mid-1990s sodium nitrate was used in the production of some explosives and in a number of industrial areas. 

Sulfates of sodium are iadustriaUy important materials commonly sold ia three forms (Table 1). In the period from 1970 to 1981, > 1 million metric tons were consumed aimuaHy ia the United States. Siace then, demand has declined. In 1988 consumption dropped to 890,000 t, and ia 1994 to 610,000 t (1,2). Sodium sulfate is used principally (40%) ia the soap (qv) and detergent iadustries. Pulp and paper manufacturers consume 25%, textiles 19%, glass 5%, and miscellaneous iadustries consume 11% (3). About half of all sodium sulfate produced is a synthetic by-product of rayon, dichromate, phenol (qv), or potash (see Chromium compounds Fibers, regenerated cellulosics Potassium compounds). Sodium sulfate made as a by-product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirabilite, thenardite, or naturally occurring brine is called natural sodium sulfate. In 1994, about 300,000 t of sodium sulfate were produced as a by-product another 300,000 t were produced from natural sodium sulfate deposits (4). 

Cost—benefit analyses for adult immunizations have also been performed. Influenza immunization during the period from 1971 to 1977 resulted in over 13 million more years of life at a cost of only 63 per year of life gained. Productivity gains were estimated to have a value of 250 x 10 (148). Projected costs of pneumonia have been calculated at 3.6 times the cost of vaccination, or a savings of 141 per person is achieved among those at risk for developing pneumonia or over the age of 50 years (149). 

Industrial Consumption. The total consumption of primary antimony fell during the period from 1970 to 1986 (Table 3) because of the declining demand for antimony in most types of metallic uses. Since 1986, the demand for primary antimony in antimonial lead has increased, probably because of an increase in demand for starting—lighting—ignition (SLI) batteries. Total consumption in nonmetallic uses has remained stable. However, an increasing proportion of this is made up of flame retardant uses. Currendy, batteries and flame retardants are the two largest markets for antimony. 

Coal mining has been a relatively dangerous occupation (2,91—93). During the period from 1961—1967 the average fataUty rate in the United States for each million person hours worked was 1.05. In the seven years after the passage of the Eederal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, the average fatahty rate decreased to 0.58, and by 1989 the rate was 0.25 (2). 

The report gives eonsideration to the eontribution of the seientists from Russia to the development of XRF analysis in the period from 1999 to nowadays. The state of XRF in the earlier period was diseussed in the reviews. Presented in detail are only the most important advanees eonneeted to the speeial features of XRF method. The reviews and the monographs, published in this period, the Conferenees on XRF problems, held in Russia, the defended dissertations are separately diseussed (-380 papers, 5 monographs and 17 dissertations). The statistieal analysis of the publieations on XRF is presented (the distribution in the Russian and foreign journals and in the towns Moseow, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg and others). 

Night refers to the period from 1 hr before sunset to 1 hr after sunrise. 

The thermal comfort was evaluated with hourly mean values of the air temperature in the occupied zone, plotted against the maximum I h mean outdoor temperature value of the day. Only the period from April 1 to October 30 and only working hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m. are considered. 7 his evaluation method is based on the Swiss standard SIA V382/2. The minimum and maximum allowable comfort temperatures are adapted to the usual activity and clothing levels of the workers in the hall (see Figs. 11.55 and 11.56). 

Do retain calibration records for periods that match the period from manufacture to end of warranty or longer. 

The study performed by Burns and Roe (BSR) shows that valve failures constitute the component category most responsible for the shutdown of PWR and BWR plants. This Investigation, contracted with SNL for DOE, identified the principal types and causes of valve failures that led to plant trips for the period from 12/72 to 12/78. The primary sources of data for the report were searches of the data base, the monthly Gray Books, Nuclear Power Experience publications, as well as discussions with utilities, valve manufacturers, and suppliers. 

Appendix III of this report provides a detailed description of the reliability data used in event tree and fault tree quantification. Because of its extensive operating experience and the uniqueness of the BRP design, BRP plant-specific data was used whenever possible. Plant-specific data sources included plant maintenance orders, control room log books, surveillance tests, LERs, event reports, deviation reports, plant review committee meeting minutes, and USNRC correspondence. The plant-specific data used spanned the period from 1970 to 1979. Data before 1970 did not include maintenance orders or surveillance tests and therefore were excluded. The plant-specific data collected for BRP is presented in detail in Appendix XIII. Table III-4 summarizes 30 plant-specific component failure rates and Table 11-06 contains plant-specific maintenance unavailabilities for 20 components. These tables are a summary of the BRP component failure and maintenance outages. 

A further group of elements, the transuranium elements, has been synthesized by artificial nuclear reactions in the period from 1940 onwards their relation to the periodic table is discussed fully in Chapter 31 and need not be repeated here. Perhaps even more striking today are the predictions, as yet unverified, for the properties of the currently non-existent superheavy elements.Elements up to lawrencium (Z = 103) are actinides (5f) and the 6d transition series starts with element 104. So far only elements 104-112 have been synthesized, ) and, because there is as yet no agreement on trivial names for some of these elements (see pp. 1280-1), they are here referred to by their atomic numbers. A systematic naming scheme was approved by lUPAC in 1977 but is not widely used by researchers in the field. It involves the use of three-letter symbols derived directly from the atomic number by using the... 

In the present review we emphasize (1) the recent developments in the synthesis of 2(5/7 )-furanones, covering the last six years (1995-2000), and (2) reactions of these compounds, as reported in the period from 1980-2000. 

In 1996, Mondello et al. (48) published a review article on the applications of HPLC-HRGC developed for food and water analysis over the period from 1986 to 1995. These authors cited 98 references, grouped by following a chronological order and by the subject of the application, as follows ... 

Another problem with the dependence of transportation on petroleum is the enormous militaiy, strategic, economic, and political costs of securing the petroleum supply. Estimates of the militaiy costs alone associated with the Mideast region for the period from 1980 to 1993 ranged from 100 billion to more that 1 trillion. 

It is desirable that a fluid s viscosity stays within the pump manufacturer s stipulated viscosity limits, in order to accommodate the normal variations of operating temperature. Oil s viscosity falls as temperature rises certain oils, however, are less sensitive than others to changes of temperatures, and these are said to have a higher VI. Hydraulic oils are formulated from base oils of inherently high VI, to minimize changes of viscosity in the period from start-up to steady mnning and while circulating between the cold and hot parts of a system. 

But I want to return to my claim that quantum mechanics does not really explain the fact that the third row contains 18 elements to take one example. The development of the first of the period from potassium to krypton is not due to the successive filling of 3s, 3p and 3d electrons but due to the filling of 4s, 3d and 4p. It just so happens that both of these sets of orbitals are filled by a total of 18 electrons. This coincidence is what gives the common explanation its apparent credence in this and later periods of the periodic table. As a consequence the explanation for the form of the periodic system in terms of how the quantum numbers are related is semi-empirical, since the order of orbital filling is obtained form experimental data. This is really the essence of Lowdin s quoted remark about the (n + , n) rule. 

Impact Sensitivity Determinations of Explosive Compounds Tested During the Period from 1 January to 1 November 1950", NOL NAVORD 1589, (1 Nov 1950), Table V 22) J.M. Rosen, Procedure for the Quantitative Analysis of Nitroform and Bis(trinitroethyl)urea Using Tetra-phenylarsonium Chloride , NOL NAVORD 1729 20 Dec 1950) 23) N.L. Drake et al, U of Md... 

This section discusses potential health effects from exposures during the period from conception to maturity at 18 years of age in humans. 

Beck et al. (2004) presented an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Canada. They compared the cost-effectiveness from 1991 to 1995 (pre-HAART period) with the period from 1997 to 2001 (HAART period) for non-Aids and Aids groups. For the first group, they calculate total cost of US 4265 in the pre-HAART period and US 9445 in the HAART-period, whereas 66% and 84% were spent on antiretrovirals. The incremental cost per life year gained was US 14,587, that is, the HAART technology is rather cost-effective. For the Aids patients, the total costs were US 9,099 in the pre-HAART period and US 11,764 in the HAART period, whereas 29% were for antiretrovirals in the pre-HAART era and 72% in the HAART era. The incremental cost per life year gained by introducing HAART was US 12,813, so that HAART seems cost-effective in Canada. 

The synthesis, reactivity, spectroscopy, and electrochemi.stry of organometallic iron porphyrins was de.scribed in some detail in the three reviews published in the period from 1986 to I988. Although a brief synopsis of the early chemistry will be given here, this review will focus on more recent developments. 

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