Glass-lined steel

Ma.nufa.cture. The preparation of sulfuryl chloride is carried out by feeding dry sulfur dioxide and chlorine into a water-cooled glass-lined steel vessel containing a catalyst, eg, activated charcoal. Alternatively, chlorine is passed into Hquefted sulfur dioxide at ca 0°C in the presence of a dissolved catalyst, eg, camphor, a terpene hydrocarbon, an ether, or an ester. The sulfuryl chloride is purified by distillation the commercial product is typically 99 wt % pure, as measured by ASTM distillation method D850. 

Most metals, concrete, and other constmction materials are corroded by hydrobromic acid. Suitable materials of constmction include some fiber glass-reinforced plastics, some chemically resistant mbbers, PVC, Teflon, polypropylene, and ceramic-, mbber-, and glass-lined steel. Metals that are used include HasteUoy B, HasteUoy C, tantalum, and titanium. The HasteUoys can only be used at ambient temperatures. Liquid hydrogen bromide under pressure in glass at or above room temperature can attack the glass resulting in unexpected shattering. 

Chlorosulfuric acid attacks brass, bronze, lead, and most other nonferrous metals. From a corrosion standpoint, carbon steel and cast Hon are acceptable below 35°C provided color and Hon content is not a concern. Stainless steels (300-series) and certain aluminum alloys are acceptable materials of constmction, as is HasteUoy. Glass, glass-lined steel, or Teflon-lined piping and equipment are the preferred materials at elevated temperatures and/or high velocities or where trace Hon contamination is a problem, such as in the synthetic detergent industry. 

The reaction vessel (nitrator) is constructed of cast iron, mild carbon steel, stainless steel, or glass-lined steel depending on the reaction environment. It is designed to maintain the required operating temperature with heat-removal capabiUty to cope with this strongly exothermic and potentially ha2ardous reaction. Secondary problems are the containment of nitric oxide fumes and disposal or reuse of the dilute spent acid. Examples of important intermediates resulting from nitration are summarized in Table 3. 

Carbon steel Sch. 40 Fiberglass reinforced polyester Fiberglass reinforced vinylester Glass pipe Aluminum Sch. 40 304 stainless steel Sch. 5 Saran-lined steel Polypropylene- lined steel Rubber-linedsteel Sch. 40 316 stainless steel Sch. 5 304 stainless steel Sch. 40 Kynar-Ifned steel 316 stainless steel Sch. 40 Alloy 20 Sch. 5 FEP Teflon-lined steel PFA Teflon-lined steel Armored-glass pipe PTFE Teflon-lined steel Monel 400 Sch. 5 Nickel 200 Sch. 5 Alloy 20 Sch. 40 Monel 400 Sch. 40 Inconel 600 Sch. 5 Titanium Sch. 5 Nickel 200 Sch. 40 Titanium Sch. 40 Inconel 600 Sch. 40 Glass-lined steel Sch. 40 Hastelloy C-276 Sch. 5 Zirconium Sch. 5 Hastelloy B Sch. 5 Zirconium Sch. 40 Hastelloy C-276 Sch. 40 Hastelloy B Sch. 40 Tantalum-lined steel Sch. 5 Tantalum-lined steel Sch. 40... 

Glass-lined steel Limited shock resistance... 

All glass-lined steel tanks have at least one anode. This is a long metal rod made of magnesium, alu-... 

Sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid requires special corrosion-proof equipment either glass-lined steel or all glass. The latter is especially suitable for small batch size sulfonation. The HC1 absorber also is built of either glass-lined steel or all glass. 

A typical batch reactor (Figure 8.1) will be made of stainless steel or glass-lined steel. Stainless steel vessels have better heat transfer characteristics than their glass-lined counterparts and a wider array of reactor internals are available. Glass-lined vessels, on the other hand, can offer superior fouling or corrosion properties and are often used for reactions... 

Others Glass Glass-lined steel Alumina Fluorolube ... 

Glass-lined steel in the Bunsen section, except for the internal tubing used for reaction heat extraction, made of Ta ... 

Vessel made of various materials, most common are stainless steel, Hastelloy, glass-lined steel, teflon-coated steel... 

At-line sampling may involve a flow-through cell in the NIR spectrometer in one process a glass-lined steel reaction vessel was used in combination with a fibre optic probe for measurements in a full scale chemical plant reactor [57]. Fibre optic bundles can be used to transmit NIR radiation to the reaction matrix and take signal back to the spectrometer. NIR is notoriously sensitive to changes in temperature and methods for keeping the temperature constant must be incorporated into the instrumentation. 

Cost of this process is about 50% more than glass-lined steel and about 67% of equivalent vacuum-proof, all-metal construction of the same metal as the cladding. It can be used in very large vessels and over complex curves. It might be better to use Resista-Clad with a very corrosion-resistant metal than to use a less corrosion-resistant solid metal construction in which there is a significant risk of failure. This may be especially true if there is doubt about the... 

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