Good wetting

Dyes with good wet. light, and sublimation fastness for polyesters, nylon, and acetate fibers... 

Reaction with Chlorine. Polyacrylamide reacts with chlorine under acid conditions to form reasonably stable A/-chloroamides. The polymers are water soluble and can provide good wet strength and wet web strength in paper (60). 

Sodium fatty acid ester sulfonates are known to be highly attractive as surfactants. These have good wetting abiHty and exceUent calcium ion stabiHty as weU as high detergency without phosphates, and are used in powders or Hquids. They can also be used in the textile industry, emulsion polymerization, cosmetics, and metal surface fields. Moreover, they are attractive because they are produced from renewable natural resources and their biodegradabiHty is almost as good as alkyl sulfates (134—137). 

Primers for Metal. If reasonably high performance is required ia the end product and unless cost is of paramount importance, a minimum of two coats, usually a primer and a top coat, should be appHed to metal. For highest performance, primer vehicles should provide good wet adhesion, be saponification resistant, and have low viscosity to permit penetration of the vehicle iato microsurface irregularities ia the substrate. Color, color retention, exterior durabiHty, and other such properties are generally not important ia primers. Resia systems such as those including bisphenol A epoxy resias which provide superior wet adhesion can thus be used ia spite of their poor exterior durabiHty. 

Good wetting is of course not a sufficient criterion for good contact adhesion because it takes no account of the factors that influence the mechanical loss factor, C, in Eq. 8, nor does it account for residual stress development during cure. But aside from these factors, one might inquire into the validity of the correlation between practical contact adhesion and VEa beyond 0° contact angle , i.e. can any distinction be made based on VEa between different adhesives, all of which perfectly wet the adherend ... 

Polyester diols are often combined with polyether diols to provide green strength through crystallization or elevated r . Most prevalent and least expensive is hexamethylene diol adipate (HDA) with a Tm of about 60°C. A variety of polyesters are available with various levels of crystallinity — from wax-like to amorphous — and crystallization rate, and with values ranging well below 0°C to above room temperature. Polybutadiene diols are the most expensive and most hydrophobic. They provide low surface tension and thus good wet out of non-polar surfaces. 

Silver-copper-palladium alloys with liquidus temperatures of 800-1 000°C have very low vapour pressures combined with good wetting and flow characteristics and are widely employed in vacuum work. They exhibit a lower tendency to stress corrosion than silver-copper, and do not form brittle alloys with other metals. 

Agglomerates that are poorly wetted by the polymer contain air in their voids and have a lower apparent volumetric content of solids compared to well-wetted particles, the reason being that in the first case the entire matrix can take part in the deformation process, whereas in case of good wetting conditions a portion of the matrix is caught in the agglomerate and does not become involved in deformation. 

For example, compared to alkylbenzenesulfonate the lauryl ether carboxylate based on C12-C14 alcohol and 4.5 mol EO shows good wetting, lime soap... 

This chapter deals with sodium a-olefinsulfonate (AOS) and with sodium internal olefmsulfonate (IOS). AOS is a well-established product and is being applied in many household and industrial formulations. IOS of a sufficiently high quality has only recently been made on laboratory scale and pilot plant scale and has not yet been applied in commercial formulations. AOS and IOS have not only good wetting and detergency properties, but also good tolerance toward water hardness ions, a combination not always observed for other anionic surfactants. 

The application of sulfosuccinates in the field of household products is limited. But when extremely-good wetting properties are desired the short C-chain dialkyl sulfosuccinates are used. Examples are special glass cleansers (beer glass cleaner, spectacle glass cleaner, windscreen cleaner), floor cleaner, and wallpaper stripper. The amount added to the formula is between 0.5% and 2.5%, although for wallpaper stripper up to 20% is used. A typical formulation for a glass cleaner is ... 

In the case of N-containing phosphonates some interesting data were observed [190]. Alkanephosphonic acid bisdiethanolamides, RPO(NCH2CH2OH)2, show good wetting performance and foamability at an alkyl chain length of C,0 and C12 according to Table 10. 

Anionic Carboxylic acid salts Sulfuric acid ester salts Good detergency Good wetting agents Generally water-soluble Electrolyte-tolerant Electrolyte-sensitive... 

---