Laboratory Test Equipment

A con arative filterability test has bear recommended [Ives, 1986] to assess water qtiality against standard fiber media at standard rates and to test changes in rate, or filter media, using a constant feed. Such a test may be usefiil in preselecting filter media and flow conditions worthy of further investigation. Bed design data, however, need to be collected eaq loying a pilot test filter. 

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The development of a continuous grinding index was the focus of work in the late 1970s (59). The laboratory test equipment used is similar to that for the Hardgrove test but permits classifying the product and recycling the oversize material. An improved correlation is obtained that may, however, need to be corrected for the relative sizes of the test grinding balls versus those used in commercial-scale equipment. The continuous grinding index is especially useful for lower rank coals. 

FIGURE 26.29 Side force as function of slip angle measured on the LAT 100 laboratory test equipment. Load 75 N, speed 2 km/h. 

The same laboratory testing equipment as in the diaphragm press can be used but with a higher pressure. A commercially available piston press can also be used. 

Fig. 9.10 Laboratory test equipment a) mixers, b) sample splitters and screen, c) feeder and mills, d) ovens...

Fig. 9.9 Agglomerate strength testers top) hydraulic four-column press for the determination of compression strength bottom) from left, rotating tube for measuring degradation at transfer points, drop test arrangement, and drum abrasion tester Fig. 9.10 Laboratory test equipment a) mixers, b) sample splitters and screen,...

There are relatively few industrial-scale combustion test facilities outside of equipment manufacturers. A report prepared from a workshop sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy states, "For the most part, the size and type of laboratory test equipment available are inadequate, and the costs are prohibitive" ([4], p. 11). This section is intended to provide a sample of some of those industrial-scale test facilities, although there are others as well. They are broadly categorized... 

Critical measuring and test equipment identified as being critical parts of the quality system should be properly calibrated and maintained. Calibration should be traceable to recognized standards. This includes all in-process instruments identified as quality instruments, as well as test equipment used in the laboratory. Test equipment includes laboratory instruments such as spectrometers, viscometers and other apparatus, as well as reagents, buffer solutions and standard solutions. 

In his first preparation from the nickel-silicon alloy he observed that the reaction was quite vigorous and that a greyish metallic solid, quite pyrophoric when dried and exposed to the air, settled out after the reaction subsided. Because of it pyrophoricity he concluded that pure nickel, not the inactive nickel oxide, had formed. On testing this material for catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil in his rather simple laboratory test equipment (10), he reported that it was five times as active as the best nickel catalyst then in use. He applied for his first patent (11) in the United States on September 20, 1924 which issued December 1, 1925. Probably... 

Although laboratory test equipment can be expemsive. it is claimed that simply designed and portable hardware for real-time, on-line examinations ean be developed at relatively low cost [90]. Moreover, there are no environmentally hazardous or undesirable by-products associated with microwave testing [90]. The disadvantages of this technique are that microwaves cannot penetrate inside conductors or graphite composites, and results from 2D raster scans can sometimes be ambiguous to interpret. 

The accelerated heat pipe life test project was cancelled due to a shift in program direction with the selection of a gas cooled reactor concept to support nuclear electric propulsion. During execution of the project, a heat pipe design was established, a majority of the laboratory test equipment systems were specified, and operating and test procedures were developed. Procurements for the heat pipe units and all major test components were undenway at the time the stop work order was issued No technical Issues had been identified which would have prevented testing as planned. The final MSFC close-out report is provided in Reference 13-16... 

Quality in NDT depends upon a number of factors. Qualification of NDT personnel, technical state and correctness of choice of testing equipment, availability of approved working procedures of examination, calibration of NDT equipment have decisive importance among those factors of an NDT laboratory. Assessment of NDT laboratory competence is provided through accreditation in compliance with the EN 45000 series standards. 

Quality Control and Testing. Control of inks is done by examining their color strength, hue, tack, rheology, drying rate, stabiHty, and product resistance. Elaborate control equipment and laboratory testing procedures are employed to test the finished inks. Weather-Ometers,... 

Bosch and co-workers devised laboratory reactors to operate at high pressure and temperature in a recycle mode. These test reactors had the essential characteristics of potential industrial reactors and were used by Mittasch and co-workers to screen some 20,000 samples as candidate catalysts. The results led to the identification of an iron-containing mineral that is similar to today s industrial catalysts. The researchers recognized the need for porous catalytic materials and materials with more than one component, today identified as the support, the catalyticaHy active component, and the promoter. Today s technology for catalyst testing has become more efficient because much of the test equipment is automated, and the analysis of products and catalysts is much faster and more accurate. 

Polymers. Studies to determine possible exposure of workers to residual epichl orohydrin and ethylene oxide monomers in the polymers have been done. Tests of warehouse air where Hydrin H and Hydrin C are stored showed epichl orohydrin levels below 0.5 ppm. Air samples taken above laboratory mixing equipment (Banbury mixer and 6" x 12" mill) when compounds of Hydrin H or C were mixed gave epichl orohydrin levels below detectable limits, and ethylene oxide levels less than 0.2 ppm, well below permissible exposure limits (46). A subacute vapor inhalation toxicity study in which animals were exposed to emission products from compounded Parel 58 suggests that no significant health effects would be expected in workers periodically exposed to these vapors (47). 

In certain cases, it is necessary to choose materials for equipment to be used in a process developed in the laboratory and not yet in operation on a plant scale. Under such circumstances, it is obviously impossible to make plant tests. A good procedure in such cases is to construct a pilot plant, using either the cheapest materials available or some other materials selected on the basis of past experience or of laboratory tests. While the pilot plant is being operated to check on the process itself, specimens can be exposed in the operating equipment as a guide to the choice of materials for the large-scale plant or as a means of confirming the suitability of the materials chosen for the pilot plant. 

Evidence of localized corrosion can be obtained from polarization methods such as potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, and electrochemical noise measurements, which are particularly well suited to providing data on localized corrosion. When evidence of localized attack is obtained, the engineer needs to perform a careful analysis of the conditions that may lead to such attack. Correlation with process conditions can provide additional data about the susceptibility of the equipment to locaHzed attack and can potentially help prevent failures due to pitting or crevice corrosion. Since pitting may have a delayed initiation phase, careful consideration of the cause of the localized attack is critical. Laboratory testing and involvement of an... 

Hydro projects, dams, bridges, naval equipment and any installations that aie prone to continuous shocks and vibrations also require their primary and secondary systems to have a better design and operational ability to withstand seismic effects or other ground/surface vibrations. No specific tests are presently prescribed for such applications. But response spectra can be established even for such locations and the primary and secondary systems analysed mathematically or laboratory tested. 

A transient of an external or internal nature, as discussed above, is then related to one such type of impulse, for laboratory testing a particular equipment or system, to establish its suitability. 

The plastic behaviour of a material is usually measured by conducting a tensile test. Tensile testing equipment is standard in all engineering laboratories. Such equipment produces a load/displacement (F/u) curve for the material, which is then converted to a nominal stress/nominal strain, or cT l , curve (Fig. 8.10), where... 

Unlike the other requirements, which only referred to inspection, test, and measuring equipment, this clause adds test facilities. Facilities include the equipment and the area or room in which it is kept or used. Test facilities are any room, area, or complex in which tests are carried out. Inspection, measuring, and test facilities include functional and environmental test laboratories, test and inspection chambers, calibration rooms. 

Paints have their own individual data sheets, prepared by the manufacturer as the result of extensive testing including laboratory tests, field trials and experience in use. These instructions should be followed closely in respect of type of application equipment, operating air pressure, tip size, pot life, curing time at various temperatures, recoating interval, etc. The inspector should have the data sheets available at all times and refer to them. 

FIGURE 26.71 Correlation and regression coefficients between road test ratings of seven truck tire compounds 80 SBR/20 NR differing by type and amount of filler and laboratory abrasion ratings obtained on LAT 100 testing equipment. 

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