Combustion test facility

Three types of combustion test facility are used to evaluate the combustion efficiencies of ducted rockets direct-cormect flow (DCF) test, semi-freejet (SFJ) test, and freejet (FJ) test, as shown in Fig. 15.13. Pressurized heated air or cooled air is supplied to the DCF, SFJ, and FJ test facilities. The pressure and temperature of the airflow are adjusted by means of an air control system to simulate the air conditions during flight of the ducted rocket projectile. In the case of the DCF test, the airflow is supplied to the ramburner from a pressurized air tank through a directly connected pipe. No air-intakes are used in the DCF test Thus, the pressure and temperature of the air in the ramburner are as directly supplied from the pressurized air tank. No supersonic flow or shock waves are formed during the supply of air to the ramburner. In the DCF test, the combustion efficiency in the ramburner is measured as a function of the air-to-fuel flow ratio, e. The combustion charac- 

The FJ test is similar to an aerodynamic wind-turmel test used for supersonic aircraft, except for the airflow condition. A ducted rocket projectile is mounted on a thrust stand and the projectile and thmst stand are placed in a test chamber A supersonic airflow simulating the flight conditions is suppHed to the projectile through a supersonic nozzle attached to the front-end of the test chamber. The pressure and temperature in the test chamber are kept equivalent to the flight alHtude conditions. The aerodynamic drag on the projectile and the thmst generated by the ducted rocket are measured directly by the FJ test. The airflow surrounding the projectile and the combustion gas expelled from the ramburner flow out from the exhaust pipe attached to the rear-end of the test chamber. 

The compressed, heated air is supplied to the ramburner through the air injection ports. Two types of air-injection ports, forming a so-called multi-port, are shown in Fig. 15.14 the forward port (two ports) and the rear port (two ports). The multi-port is used to distribute the airflow to the ramburner 34 % is introduced via the forward port and the remaining 66 % via the rear port. The combustible gas formed by the combustion of the gas-generating pyrolant is injected through the gas injection nozzle and mixed with the air in the ramburner, and the burned gas is expelled form the ramburner exhaust nozzle. The pressures in the gas generator and the ramburner are measured by means of pressure transducers. The temperatures in the gas generator and the ramburner are measured with Pt-Pt/13%Rh thermocouples. 

Pintle dis- Pintle control Pressure placement command 

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At the Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology the combustion behaviour of wood based bio-oil has been investigated in a combustion test facility of 300 kW-thermal capacity as well as in a gas turbine of 75 kW-electric capacity. The investigations were carried out within the framework of the EU- demonstration project... 

The principal modifications involve the fuel handling and the fuel supply system, Basic results and insights of bio-oil combustion were obtained in the combustion test facility. 

Combustion Test Facility. The 500-lb/hr combustion test facility is shown schematically in Figure 1. The furnace was designed to simulate the performance of an industrial steam generator. The unit is 7 feet wide, 5 feet deep, and 12 feet high, and has a volumetric heat liberation rate of about 16,000 Btu/hr ft3 at a thermal input of 6.5 million Btu/hr. The furnace walls are refractory-lined and water-cooled. 

There are relatively few industrial-scale combustion test facilities outside of equipment manufacturers. A report prepared from a workshop sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy states, "For the most part, the size and type of laboratory test equipment available are inadequate, and the costs are prohibitive" ([4], p. 11). This section is intended to provide a sample of some of those industrial-scale test facilities, although there are others as well. They are broadly categorized... 

Fire alarm system in a combustion test facility. 

A significant investment in specialized equipment is required to properly perform full-scale process burner tests. The following is a list of some of the equipment that will be discussed in detail in subsequent sections. An aerial view of an industrial combustion testing facility is shown in Figure 18.8. 

Aerial view of industrial combustion testing facility. 

S.J.Andiies. Hot gas cleanup research at the Delft pressurisedfluidised bed combustion test facility. Paper presented at the International Conference Advanced coal power plant technology and hot gas cleaning , December 2-4, 1987, Dusseldorf, RFC. 

FATIGUE CHARACTERIZATION OF A MELT-INFILTRATED WOVEN Hl-NIC-S/BN/SIC CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE (CMC) USING A UNIQUE COMBUSTION TEST FACILITY... 

Fatigue Characterization of a Melt-Infiltrated Woven HI-NIC-S/BN/SIC Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Using a Unique Combustion Test Facility... 

In addition to these full-scale tests, EPA has initiated a program to conduct extensive intermediate-scale incinerator studies, i.e., studies that would approximate the actual conditions that exist in full-scale incinerators but that at the same time would be close enough to the laboratory studies previously discussed to allow correlation of the results from both scales of operation ( ). The EPA Combustion Research Facility (CRF) has been constructed to conduct this program at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Jefferson, Arkansas. 

An application in power production, particularly in coal-fired power plants, is the analysis of flue gas scrubbers which remove excess SO2 following coal combustion. Tests run by SAMBESRL at the EPA s Research Triangle Park facility (8,9) have demonstrated the effectiveness of IC in determining sulfite and sulfate in flue gas desulfurization systems. Table III gives results of direct IC analysis of scrubber liquors compared with turbidimetric and titration methods. 

Our third area of combustion research involved magnetohydro-dynamic or MHD power generation and the combustor development of such a system. Our work in MHD combustion is directed toward a part of a larger program which will result in an entire MHD system being operated in Butte, Montana sometime in Fiscal 1982. To support our MHD work, we have a one-megawatt atmospheric pressure combustor and a five-megawatt pressurized (6 atmospheres) combustor test facility. 

For testing, the Mod 2 burner is housed within a heavily walled pressure vessel which also serves as a plenum chamber for the preheated inlet air supply. See Ref. 16 for a description of the test facility. The burner assembly is shown schematically in Figure 2 and is designed to use 100% of the air flow in the combustion process. Thus, air film cooling and air dilution which are normally used in an engine combustor are omitted. In this way, combustion effects from air injection are avoided for the concept evaluation. The cylindrical combustion chamber is water cooled, as are the sonic exhaust nozzle and gas sample probe. 

Rudiger, H. GreuI, U. Spliethoff, K. (1995) Pyrolysis gas of biomass as a NO,-reductive in a coal fired test facility. In 3" International Conference on Combustion Technologies for a Clean Environment, Lisbon (Portugal). 

Combustion test with SO2 removal are ongoing, together with tests to demonstrate the NOj-reduction potential. Future tests will be carried out to reveal if the Ca in the CEB is bonded to organic groups or present in the form of suspended calciumhydroxide. Tests will also be carried out in a 7 MW, heay hiel oil combustion facility. 

R. W. Borio, G. J. Goetz, and A. A. Levasseur, "Slagging and Fouling Properties of Coal Ash Deposits as Determined in a Laboratory Test Facility," paper presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, December 1977, Combustion Engineering publication TIS-5155. 

Technology Evaluation Report SITE Program Demonstration Test, the American Combustion Pyretron Thermal Destruction System at the U.S. EPA s Combustion Research Facility... 

Two very promising alternatives for treating dioxin - contaminated soil are the Shirco process and the thermal desorption method. The Shirco process places contaminated soil on a moving grate. The soil is heated by infrared heaters or by burners, and vapors are destroyed in a secondary combustion chamber. This process has been demonstrated on a small scale at the Times Beach test facility and will be tested further under various private and governmental sponsorships. 

To produce a CO2 rich flue gas stream amenable for use or storage, oxy-fuel combustion typically involves replacing combushon air with pure oxygen, either parhally or completely, and usually in combination with recycled flue gases in order to temper the flame. In this particular investigation, the concept of flue gas recycling was tested in a pilot-scale test facility [3]. 

During any combustion equipment testing, it is absolutely necessary to follow the set of safety rules established by the testing facility and industry regulations. The major safety items are listed below ... 

Aspirated thermocouple installed (a) aspirator design sketch, (b) thermocouple/aspirator assembly, (c) at the test chimney. (GTI Applied Combustion Research Facility, Des Plaines, IL)... 

Test rigs used for combustion experiments span a wide range of size and complexity. The test facilities can be... 

The primary purpose of the test facility is to have equipment capable of creating surrogate waste streams similar to those commonly encountered in industry and destroy them under controlled conditions with adequate instrumentation to quantify parameters that affect the process. Destruction of waste streams is achieved by proper mixing, sufficient temperature, and adequate residence time in the TO. These parameters are often referred to as the three T s of combustion time, temperature, and turbulence. In addition to waste destruction, the effects of the three T s on other parameters such as CO and NO emissions can also be carefully studied in a test facility. A schematic of a horizontal thermal oxidizer is shown in Figure 33.1. 

Testing and developing burners specifically for use in thermal oxidizers is a very important function of a TO test facility since burners used in other applications, such as process burners and boiler burners, are not necessarily well suited in thermal oxidizers. One of the main differences in TO burners is that they fire into a combustion chamber with very hot refractory walls, whereas with many other types of burner applications the combustion chamber walls are relatively cool since heat is being extracted through the chamber walls. 

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