Kola

Two other commonly found sources of caffeine (16) are kola Cold) from the seeds of, for example. Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott and Engl., which contains 1—4% of the alkaloid, but Httie theophylline or theobromine, and cocoa (from the seeds of Theobroma cacao L.), which generally contains about 3% theobromine and significantiy less caffeine. 

Another group of natural flavoring ingredients comprises those obtained by extraction from certain plant products such as vanilla beans, Hcotice root, St. John s bread, orange and lemon peel, coffee, tea, kola nuts, catechu, cherry, elm bark, cocoa nibs, and gentian root. These products are used in the form of alcohohc infusions or tinctures, as concentrations in alcohol, or alcohol—water extractions termed fluid or soHd extracts. Official methods for their preparation and specifications for all products used in pharmaceuticals are described (54,55). There are many flavor extracts for food use for which no official standards exist the properties of these are solely based on suitabiUty for commercial appHcations (56). 

A large deposit of loparite occurs ia the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The production of REO reaches 6500 t/yr. Loparite contains over 30% of rare-earth oxides from the cerium group. In addition, loparite contains up to 40% titanium oxide and up to 12% niobium and tantalum oxides. 

Apatite and other phosphorites constitute a substantial resource of rare earths. The REO content is highly variable and ranges from trace amounts to over 1%. Apatite- [1306-05-4] rich tailings of the iron ore at Mineville, New York, have been considered a potential source of yttrium and lanthanides. Rare-earth-rich apatites are found at the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and the Phalaborwa complex in South Africa. In spite of low REO content apatites could become an important source of rare earths because these are processed in large quantities for the manufacturing of fertilisers (qv). 

Nuts have many uses, both industrial and domestic. For instance, the ivory nut, or tagua, is a source material for the manufacture of buttons and turnery articles. The kola nut supplies ingredients for popular cola beverages in the United States (see Carbonated beverages). StTychnos nux-vomica provides the important medicine and poison, strychnine. The areca or betel nut is chewed by the Indian and Malayan people as a narcotic a slice of the nut is placed in a leaf of the pepper plant Piper betle) together with a pinch of lime the mixture is an acrid, astringent narcotic that dyes the mouth red, blackens and destroys the teeth. The areca nut contains, among other alkaloids, arecoline, an active anthelminthic widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of tapeworm infections. 

U. H. Sander, H. Fischer, U. Rothe, and R. Kola, in A. I. More, ed.. Sulfur, Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfuric Acid, English ed., Bdtish Sulphur Corp. Ltd., London, 1984. 

Baddeleyite, a naturally occurring zirconium oxide, has been found in the Poco de Caldas region of the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes in Brazil, the Kola Peninsula of the former USSR, and the northeastern Transvaal of the Repubflc of South Africa. BraziUan baddeleyite occurs frequently with zircon, and ore shipments are reported to contain 65—85% zirconium oxide, 12—18% siUca, and 0.5% uranium oxide. Veryhttle of this ore is exported now because all radioactive minerals are under close control of the BraziUan government. 

Phosphate rock, mined widely throughout the world for its fertilizer value (see Fertilizers), in certain regions contains a few percent of lanthanides. For example, the apatite deposits in the Kola peninsula on the Russian/Finnish border. The Ln content is recoverable from the various processing residues, and because other Ln-containing minerals, such as loparite [12173-83-0], are also found there, the location suppHes a significant part of the demand in Eastern Europe. 

Kolas, T.J. (1985), The Exergy Method of Thermal Power Analysis, Butterworth, London. 

Asia/Middle East Kola Peninsula, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, India, Turkey 1.4... 

A.I. Nikolaev, V.G. Maiorov, Solvent extraction of niobium and tantalum, Kola Science Center, Apatity, 1995 (in Russian). 

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues, with whom I have had the pleasure to work. I would like to extend my gratitude to the brilliant professionals at the Institute of Chemistry at the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Apatity, Russia), Institute of Common and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukraine Academy of Science (Kiev, Ukraine), Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry (Moscow, Russia), Institute of Chemistry of Nitrogen (Moscow, Russia), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa, Israel), Chemistry of Solids Laboratory of CNRS (Bordeaux, France), Tan Ceramics Ltd. (Migdal Haemek, Israel). 

Kola, I., Landis, J. Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2004, 3, 711-716. 

Caffeine consumption is primarily due to coffee, tea and soft drinks. In the U.S., it is estimated that coffee contributes to 75% of the total caffeine intake, tea is 15%, and soda with caffeine accounts for 10% 5 chocolate and other caffeine-containing foods and medications contribute relatively little to overall caffeine exposure. Caffeine also varies by sources tea leaves contain 1.5 to 3.5% caffeine kola nuts contain 2% caffeine and roasted coffee beans contain 0.75 to 1.5% caffeine.6 Coffee varies in caffeine content some analyses have estimated that caffeine may range from 0.8 to 1.8%, depending on the type of coffee.7 Crops of coffee, tea, and cocoa are very similar in their production periods and their useful life in production. Typically coffee, tea, and cocoa trees can be productive with crops every 5 years for a total period of 40 years,8 or an estimated 8 yields per tree. 

Cola acuminata S. Seed Cola nitida Cocoa pod/cocoa beans West Africa Soft drinks, chewing nuts Kola tea 1.5... 

Kola nut, also known as cola nut, cola, and African kola nut, is the seed kernel of a several large trees native to Africa, ft is extremely popular in the tropics as a caffeine-containing stimulant. Historically, it was believed to help hunters endure fatigue when food was not available. Today, kola nut is a stimulant and is believed to be an appetite suppressant, antidepressant, diuretic (water pill), and astringent (a material that causes body tissues to tighten). 

The effort was very successful and the results were documented by Kola and Landis1 who stated that the situation changed and that fewer than 10% of current clinical failures arose from PK problems. Figure 7.1 portrays this shift in reasons for compound attrition. The increased emphasis on early ADME/PK screening resulted in a significant change in reasons for compound failure from Phase I to FDA approval—PK is no longer a major reason. 

Figure 25.15 Flowsheet with reagent additions for beneficiation of fine mineral sands (Kola Peninsula, Soviet Union).

The metals sulfides are the most dangerous since after aerobic weathering they are transformed into water-soluble sulfates of different metals. Accordingly, in the areas of non-ferrous and rare metal ore exploration and treatments, the acid sulfate landscapes are formed with high content of toxic metals. The biogeochemical technogenic provinces are known, for instance, copper-nickel provinces in the Kola Peninsula, Fennoscandia molybdenum provinces in the Caucasian region, copper and chromium-nickel ones in the South Ural, poly-metal ones, in the Pacific coast of eastern Eurasia (Russia, China, and Korea), etc. 

Apatite exploration takes place in various regions of the World, and the most known are Kola Peninsula (Russia) and northwest Africa (Morocco). In both places, the apatite ores contain not only phosphorus as a main element but also many heavy metals, which are toxic for humans and animals. The given elements are F, As, Y, some rare earth species, Sr, Pb, Cd, Sn. The underground waters in these regions are enriched by F, Fi, Nb, some rare earth species with alkaline reaction that facilitates the migration of many ore elements. Some phosphorus containing ores are radioactive owing to the mixtures of uranium and thorium. 

As mentioned earlier (see Chapter 3), a unique exceedance does not exist when considering both sulfur and nitrogen, but for a given deposition of S and N one can always determine whether there is non-exceedance or not. The two maps on the top of Figure 4 show that the percent of ecosystem area is protected from acidifying deposition of S and N in 1990 and 2010. In 1990 less than 10% of the ecosystem area is protected in large parts of central and western Europe as well as on the Kola peninsula, Russia. Under the scenario of the 1999 multi-pollutant, multi-effect Protocol of UNECE LRTAP Convention (CDR 2010), the situation improves almost everywhere, but is still far from reaching complete protection. 

The prevalence of ADME problems is quite high, although the pattern has changed somewhat in recent years. Kola and Landis [4] reported that for 10 large pharmaceutical companies, ADME/formulation problems were responsible for 40% of clinical failures in the year 1991 but only 12% of clinical failures in the year 2000. Clinical safety and toxicity were responsible for 22% of clinical failures in 1991 and 33% of clinical failures in 2000. For comparison, clinical failures due to poor efficacy/PD were just under 30% at both time points. 

Deng AP, Kola V, Ulrich U, Franek M (2002) Anal Bioanal Chem 373 685... 

This review was stimulated, in large part, by the work of the several collaborators in the group, both past and present O. Caille, C. Hassler, H. Kola, M. Martin, N. Mirimanoff, A. Smiejan, V. Slaveykova, M. Tuveri and I. Worms. Their critical comments, results and discussions were extremely helpful in improving earlier drafts of the manuscript. We also greatly appreciate the critical reviews of J. Galceran, H. P. van Leeuwen and C. Rossier. This work was supported, in part, by the Swiss National Funds 2000-050529.971 and the European Union 5th framework BIOSPEC project (EVK1-CT-2001-00086). 

Kola H, Peramaki P, Valimaki I. Correction of spectral interferences of calcium in sulfur determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy using multiple hnear regression. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2002 17 104-108. 

To make this conclusion more reliable, we applied the above statistical comparison procedure to independent data on the chemical composition of melted snow samples, which were collected in the vicinity of a nickelprocessing plant, on the Kola Peninsula [2], and an industrial megalopolis [4], According to these data, chemical analysis of melted snow was conducted by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and ion chromatography using certified reference materials SLRS-2 of the National Research Council (Canada) and NIST, 1643c (US) [2], Statistical analysis of these data revealed that... 

Gregurek, D., Reimannb, C., Stump, E.F. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia Environmental Pollution. 102. 1998. 221-232. 

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