Garcinia kola

Biflavonoids from Garcinia kola Isoflavones from Astragalus membranaceus... 

Kapadia, G.J., Oguntimein, B., and Shukla, Y.N., High-speed countercurrent chromatographic separation of biflavonoids from Garcinia kola seeds, J. Chromatogr. A, 673, 142, 1994. 

Terashima, K., Aqil, M., and Niwa, M., Garcinianin, a novel biflavonoid from the roots of Garcinia kola. Heterocycles, 41, 2245, 1995. 

Terashima, K., A study of biflavanones from the stems of Garcinia kola (Guttiferae), Heterocycles, 50, 283, 1999. 

This chapter will focus on the liquid chromatographic analysis of the commercially relevant nonvolatile material in hops and their processed counterparts, together with their subsequent derivatives in beers. As yet, there do not appear to be any reports of the chromatographic properties of the bittering components of Garcinia kola, so these will not be discussed further here. 

EO Ogu, RC Agu. A comparison of some chemical properties of Garcinia kola and hops for assessment of Garcinia brewing value. Biores Technol 54 1-4, 1995. 

Braide, V.B. (1 993) Anti-inflamatory effect of kola iron, a biflavonoid extract of Garcinia kola. Fitoterapia 64(5), 43 3 —43 6. 

Farombi, E.O., Tahnteng, J.C., Agboola, A.O., Nwankwo, J.O. and Emerole, C.O. (2000) Chemoprevention of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in rats by kolaviron-A Garcinia kola seed extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology 38(6), 535-541. 

Obuekwe, I.F. and Onwukaeme, N.D. (2004) Phytochemical analyses and antimicrobial activities of the leaf and stem bark extracts of Garcinia kola Herkel (family Guttiferae). Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 47(2), 160-162. 

Kolaviron mixture (mixture of C-3/C-8 linked biflavonoids) Garcinia kola (Guttiferae) HypoGlc (normal ALL-DB rabbit) (AR)... 

F re 2. The structures of kolaflavanone, GB-1, GB-Ia and GB-2 biflavanoids from Garcinia kola. 

The slaves found great biodiversity in Brazil and set about deciphering same, to survive both physically and culturally. Adaptation to the new habitat and the new social conditions gave way to substitution of indispensable plants that were not found here [40]. When it was not possible to find these plants, the Black population developed strategies so that these species could be brought from Africa [40]. Species such as Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott Endl. (obi), Garcinia kola Heckel (orobo kola nut) and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (dende oil palm) were introduced in Brazil [41]. 

Studies on several Nigerian heibs have led to the identification of plant extracts with therapeutic efficacies against diabetes. Extracts from Garcinia kola cotmnonly called bitter kola reduces gastrointestinal spasm in rats thereby showing promise in the treatment of diarrhea 4). Their findings also revealed that the plant extract has the potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. Phytochemical analysis shows that the seed has a high content of alkaloid and biflavonoids. 

Garcinia kola Bitter kola Clusiaceae Cough, nasal conjestion, control of diarihaea, antidiabetic. Aphrodisiac, hypertension, stimulant, gastrointestinal problems, dysentery, headache, backpain, skin ailments, stimulates digestion, antiviral activity. Alkaloids and biflavonoid. 4 17, 18... 

Udoh, F.V. Effeet of extraets of Garcinia kola seed and Piper guineense leaf on morphology of reproduetive organs of the male rat. Unpublished MSe. Thesis. Faeulty of Basie Medieal Seienees, University of Calabar, Nigeria, 2000. 

Garcinia kola Heckel (seeds) 3",4, 4", 5,5",7,7"-Heptahydroxy-3,8-biflavanone (GBi) (176) GB2 (177) Kolaviron (KV) [a mixture of (C-3,C-8)-linked biflavonoids GBi (177) + GB2 (177) + kolaflavanone (178)]. Traditional medicine in the West and Central African sub-region. Poison antidote. Seeds have been used in traditional African medicine to treat diabetes. Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic properties. KV showed antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic effects. KV inhibited rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) activity, had antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects, and showed immunomodulatory and immunorestorative properties. Maurice, 1982[186] Iwu et al., 1987[187], 1990[101] Farombi et al., 2000[188] Adefule-Ositelu et al., 2004[189] Adaramo ye and Adeyemi, 2006[190, 191] Nworu et al., 2008[192] Okoko, 2009[113]. 

Garcinia kola Heckel (stem bark) GBi (176). GBi (176) exhibited a-glucosidase and aromatase inhibitory activities, as well as antiplasmodial activity, but was not toxic against cell lines tested. GB] (176) may be a potential dietary supplement or phytomedicine for the prevention of breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Antia et ah, 2010[194]. 

Garcinia kola Heckel (roots) GB-flavones ((I-3,II-8)-Jlavanone-flavone Garcinianin atropisomers (166) GBi (176) GB2 (177) kolaflavanone (178) manniflavanone (179) garciniflavanone (180). GBi showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Iwu et al., 1990b Terashima et al., 1995[195], 1999[196] Han et al.,2005[74]. 

Garcinia kola Heckel (stems) GB-flavones [(1-3, II-8)-flavanone-flavone] (+)-GBib(170). Terashima, 1999[196]. 

Adaramoye, O. A., Protective effect of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola Seeds, in brain of Wistar albino rats exposed to y-radiation, Biol. Pharm. Bull, 2010, 33, 260-266. 

Okoko, T., In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Garcinia kola seeds, Food Chem. Toxicol, 2009, 47, 2620-2623. 

Adaramoye, O. A. Awogbindin, I. Okusaga, J. O., Effect of kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seeds, on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in liver of adult Wistar rats, J. Med. Food, 2009, 12, 584-590. 

Earombi, E. O. Adepoju, B. F. Ola-Davies, O. E. Emerole, G. O., Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity and hepatic oxidative damage in rats by kolaviron, a natural biflavonoid of Garcinia kola seeds, Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 2005, 14, 207-214. 

Maiuice, M. 1. W. U., Biflavonoids and glycosides of Garcinia kola stem hark, PlantaMed, 1982,45, 146-146. 

Adaramoye, O. A. Adeyemi, E. O., Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia Kola in streptozotocin-induced Diabetes mellitus rats, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 2006, 58, 121-128. 

Antia, B. S. Pansanit, A. Ekpa, O. D. Ekpe, U. J. Mahidol, C. Kittakoop, P., a-Glucosidase inhibitory, aromatase inhibitory, and antiplasmodial activities of a biflavonoid GBl from Garcinia kola stem bark, PlantaMed, 2010, 76, 276-277. 

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