Data independence

Nedaork model more efficit nt than relational model better integrity support than relational model miore difficult lo design and 1o use than relational model requires knowledge of data smicfure less data independence than relational model... 

Relational model ease of use without in-dcpih knowledge high degree of data independence SQl capability less cflicicnt lhan other miodels integrity problems possible to misuse... 

Reduced assumptions. By using an appropriate factor space, we may be able to eliminate some assumptions about our data that aren t always completely true. Examples of assumptions that can hurt us are linearity of the data, independence of samples, number of components. 

Comparison of model results with numerical data independently derived from experiment or observation of the environment. 

In order to overcome the previous limitations and generate data-independent models, a wide variety of optimization approaches employ a continuous-time representation. In these formulations, timing decisions are explicitly represented as a set of continuous variables defining the exact times at which the events take place. 

The control system of a freeze drying plant should allow to program the following data independently from each other during manual operation ... 

The following section highlights facts supporting each mechanism. To date no final decision about an exclusive involvement of one of these two models seems possible, and the reader is encouraged to evaluate the data independently. 

Data-independent acquisition Ion trap Sequential window scans 10-20 Da window (200 ms/swath) 4 (200 m/z) >2 Low-moderate... 

In NIRA, after measurement of the absorption spectra, (determined from reflectance data) independently determined values of quantities of interest are entered into a computer as constituent data. A linear regression of constituent amount as a function of wavelength is performed throughout the spectrum. Analytical wavelengths suitable for quantifying the constituent of interest are selected using correlation coefficients, standard errors... 

The section on developmental and reproductive toxicity reviews data from human and animal studies. To ensure adequate assessments of both types of data, experts review each type of data independently and prepare synopses of individual studies. 

The reproductive and developmental toxicity data component of the evaluative process determines one or the other of two judgments first, that the collective data are sufficient (or insufficient) to ascribe an adverse effect under specified conditions and second, that the data are sufficient (or insufficient) to conclude that there is no adverse effect under specified conditions. To ensure systematic rigor, the process evaluates the experimental animal data and the human data independently. Each assessment uses a standard format to summarize the conditions of the test (species, dose, route, timing, duration) in which the effect (e.g., decreased sperm count, increased length of estrous cycle, altered sexual dfferentiation of offspring) was or was not observed. 

Partitioning methods are well suited to database comparisons since the definitions of the partitions are data independent. The PDQ partitioning approach has been used to compare in-house libraries at RPR [24], The total number of pharmacophores contained within each of three different libraries was calculated and the number of pharmacophores that are common to any... 

Two example tables are given from the set for the dissociation of water substance. These are in contrast to the single table for carbon dioxide which, being a perfect gas at relevant temperatures, contains data independent of pressure, not requiring fugacity in its analysis. 

Initiatives snch as STEP (ISO 10303) attempt to define a standard to enable sharing and exchange of technical engineering data, independent of applications and organizations. Prominent indnstries involved in the development of STEP include aerospace, automotive, ship building, and process manufacturing, and there is an increasing awareness of such standards within the pharmaceutical industry. 

Start with a worksheet containing the data (independent variable x and dependent variable yobsd) to bo fitted. 

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