Caffeine intake

To reduce nocturia, patients should be instructed to stop drinking fluids several hours before going to bed, and then voiding before going to sleep. During the day, patients should avoid excessive caffeine intake, as this may cause urinary frequency. In addition, toilet mapping (knowing the location of toilets on the way to and from various destinations) may help reassure the patient that he can still continue with many of his routine daily activities. 

In 1977, the National Academy of Sciences assessed dietary caffeine intakes by Americans. Based on this data, Graham estimated that 82% of people over 18 years consumed caffeine on a daily basis.54 Dietary caffeine was consumed almost entirely in beverages, with coffee as the major source among adults, and tea and coffee the primary contributor for children aged 1 to 17 years. 

Caffeine intake of children has been investigated in several studies (Table 14). Morgan et al. quantitated the amount and dietary sources of... 

Sources of caffeine intake also were assessed in a biradal sample of 1284 children aged 6 months to 17 years during 1973 to 1982 of the Bogalusa Heart Study.56 Overall, mean intakes of caffeine were higher... 

In the U.K., only 12% of the population reported regular consumption of chocolate beverages. These chocolate beverages provided 1 mg or less of caffeine per day, or less than 0.4% of the daily caffeine intake from all beverage sources.39 Caffeine intake from chocolate foods was not calculated in Scott s study. 

Caffeine consumption is primarily due to coffee, tea and soft drinks. In the U.S., it is estimated that coffee contributes to 75% of the total caffeine intake, tea is 15%, and soda with caffeine accounts for 10% 5 chocolate and other caffeine-containing foods and medications contribute relatively little to overall caffeine exposure. Caffeine also varies by sources tea leaves contain 1.5 to 3.5% caffeine kola nuts contain 2% caffeine and roasted coffee beans contain 0.75 to 1.5% caffeine.6 Coffee varies in caffeine content some analyses have estimated that caffeine may range from 0.8 to 1.8%, depending on the type of coffee.7 Crops of coffee, tea, and cocoa are very similar in their production periods and their useful life in production. Typically coffee, tea, and cocoa trees can be productive with crops every 5 years for a total period of 40 years,8 or an estimated 8 yields per tree. 

While overall consumption of coffee may be highest in the U.S., per capita caffeine intake is greater in several other industrialized nations,... 

It is commonly assumed that the ubiquitous office coffee pot is heavily used by workers in order to increase their levels of wakefulness, alertness, and, more generally, arousal.4 There may, however, be a number of additional perceived or actual benefits of work-related caffeine intake. Headaches, for example, are often reported in work settings, and one study showed that workers sometimes consume caffeine primarily to relieve them.101 This finding is consistent with the widespread medical use of caffeine to treat headache.102103... 

Jarvis, M., Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance Psychopharmacology 110, 45-52, 1993. 

In 1990, Vatten et al.51 in Norway subsequently reviewed data on breast cancer risk from a cohort of 14,593 women with 152 cases of breast cancer during a follow up of 12 years on subjects who were between 35 and 51 years old at the beginning of the study and between 46 and 63 years at the end. They reported no overall statistically significant correlation between breast cancer and coffee consumption, but when body mass index was taken into account, lean women who consumed >5 cups per day had a lower risk than women who drank two cups or less. In obese women, however, there was a positive correlation between coffee intake and breast cancer. In a 1993 study, though, Folsom and associates52 failed to find an association between caffeine and postmenopausal breast cancer in 34,388 women in the Iowa Women s Health Study, with a median caffeine intake of 212 mg/day in women who developed breast cancer and 201 mg/day for women who did not and in Denmark, Ewertz53 studied... 

Folsom, A. R., McKenzie, D. R., Bisgard, K. M., Kushi, L. H., Sellers, T. A., No association between caffeine intake and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence in the Iowa Women s Health Study, Am J Epidemiol, 138, 380, 1993. 

Ferrini, R. L., Barrett-Connor, E., Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women The Rancho Bernardo study, Am J Epidemiol, 144, 642, 1996. 

A number of dietary and nondietary variables have been proposed as risk factors for osteoporosis. Among dietary factors, the relation between caffeine intake and bone health has been studied extensively. Although proof that caffeine adversely affects calcium metabolism and is detrimen-... 

In the Massachusetts Women s Health Study, a population-based cross-sectional investigation of women, Hernandiz-Avila and colleagues16 also found an inverse linear association with caffeine intake (estimated from... 

Postmenopausal women (mean 66 y) N=912 Observational Bone mineral content of radius, ulna, Os calcis 24-hour diet recall and food frequency data Inverse relationship between bone mineral content of distal radius and ulna and high caffeine intake. 

Postmenopausal women (mean 75 y) N=513 Observational Risk of hip fracture 24-hour diet recall No association between risk of hip fracture and caffeine intake. 

Caffeine intake equivalent to 2 or more cups/day (estimated from self-report and imputed caffeine values) was associated with a significantly increased hip fracture risk in women less than 65 years old. 

No association between caffeine intake and bone mineral in axial or appendicular skeleton. 

Reported that only coffee among caffeine sources was the significant predictor of hip fracture, although no association between caffeine intake and forearm fracture found. No association between bone density and caffeine intake, although caffeine was found to have significant negative effect on calcium metabolism. 

Among the oldest women with impaired calcium balance a high caffeine intake may predispose to cortical bone loss. However, effects were age and site specific and after... 

In association with caffeine intake a lower bone mineral content was shown bivariately, but not multivariately, however, there was no relationship between coffee and fracture risk Caffeine intake unrelated to hip or wrist fracture. 

Caffeine intake inversely associated with bone density, independent of dietary anthropometric and hormonal factors. 

Caffeine did not have adverse effect in subjects with adequate calcium intakes near or above 800 mg/d, although daily caffeine intake a2-3 servings of brewed coffee may accelerate bone loss from the spine and total body in women with a low calcium intake. 

Finally, Yano et al.18 reported a significant negative association between forearm bone mineral content and current caffeine intake among a group of elderly Japanese-American women living in Flawaii, after controlling for intake of milk, calcium, and vitamin D. 

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