Irritant dermatitis

Potential for skin irritation, dermatitis, or skin afflietions from wearing a respirator for extended periods of time or from improper rinsing, eleaning, or maintenanee... 

Occasionally, local irritation, dermatitis, rash, burning, stinging, and tenderness may be noted. 

Skin contact with metalworking fluids may cause skin irritation or a contact irritant dermatitis. Contact with neat oils may cause folliculitis (oil acne). Contact with some aqueous-mix fluids may, depending upon the additives, e.g. biocides, cause an allergic contact dermatitis. Formerly the use of unrefined mineral oils posed a risk of skin cancer. 

Smith, H., Basketter, D., and McFadden, J., Irritant dermatitis, irritancy and its role in allergic contact dermatitis, Exp. Dermatol., 27, 138, 2002. 

Skin diseases are the second most common form of occupational disease with contact dermatitis accounting for 10 to 15% of all occupational illnesses with an annual associated cost of at least 1 billion [7], Although irritant dermatitis accounts for the majority of cases of contact dermatitis, studies have reported that contact allergies are relevant in between 20 to 50% of contact dermatitis cases [8], In 2003 there were 49 cases of occupational skin disease reported for every 100,000 workers in private... 

Symptoms of exposure Eye, nose, and throat irritant coughing, bronchospasm, pulmonary irritation, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness (NIOSH, 1997)... 

Splashes of the liquid in the eye cause immediate and severe irritation dermatitis and vesiculation may result from skin contact with the vapor or the liquid. Although ingestion is unlikely to occur, it may cause coma and convulsions. ... 

These compounds do not appear to cause other effects associated with the hexavalent chromium compounds, such as chrome ulcers, irritative dermatitis, or nasal septal perforation. ... 

Formaldehyde is one of the most common causes of occupational skin disease the major effects of formaldehyde on the skin are irritant dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant dermatitis results from direct injury to the skin and is characterized by redness and thickening of the affected areas. In more severe cases there may be blistering, scaling, and the formation of fissures. 

MEKP has caused irritant dermatitis with direct contact only rarely has it caused allergic contact dermatitis from occupational exposure. ... 

Estimates of exposure levels associated with sudden death have not been made because workers typically absorb considerable amounts of NG through the skin in addition to inhalation. Skin contact may also cause an irritant dermatitis resembling poison ivy, and, occasionally, allergic contact dermatitis has been reported. ... 

Repeated and prolonged skin contact with cement can result in dermatitis of the hands, forearms, and feet this is a primary irritant dermatitis and may be complicated in some instances by a secondary contact sensitivity to hexavalent chromium. In a study of 95 cement workers, 15 had a mild dermatitis of the hands, which consisted of xerosis with erythema and mild scaling of 20 workers who were patch tested with 0.25% potassium dichromate, one person had a mild reaction and the others were negative. 

Primary irritant dermatitis caused by wood contact consists of erythema and blistering, which may be accompanied by erosions and secondary infections. Irritant chemicals typically are found in the bark or the sap of the outer part of the tree. Therefore, loggers and persons involved in initial wood processing are most affected. In most reports of contact dermatitis, hardwoods of tropical origin have been implicated, although other woods, including pine, spruce, western red cedar, elm, and alder, have been cited. 

Anthralin (Anthra-Derm) is a potent reducing agent whose mechanism of action is unknown. It is approved for the treatment of psoriasis and also may be helpful in alopecia areata. The major toxicides are discoloration of skin, hair, and nails and irritant dermatitis. 

In 1972, skin applications of 0.01Z and 0.1Z CS were used to determine the effects of skin pigment on susceptibility to sensitization, sensitizing and Irritating concentrations of CS, and cross-sensltlzatlon with CN. Eighty-six tests were summarized, and results are available on 45 cases. Seven of 15 subjects were sensitized In skln-plgment experiments subjects with lighter skin seemed more susceptible to sensitization. Twenty previously CS-sensltlve subjects showed no cross-reactivity to CN, although 18 developed primary Irritation dermatitis when exposed to 0.2Z CN. Four of 20 subjects developed primary Irritation dermatitis when exposed to 0.1Z CS, but not to 0.01X CS. 

CN may cause primary irritant dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis by delayed hypersensitivity. After sensitization, acute exposure to CN causes itching, erythema, edema, vesiculation, purpura, and necrosis.28 Jolly and Carpenter reported that an accidental discharge of a pen gun resulted in erythema and edema 24 h later the patient had been exposed to CN 5 yr earlier. Queen and Stander reported severe reactions to CN 17 yr after a first exposure to the agent. 

Dermatitis Inflammation of die skin from any cause. There are two general types of skin reaction primary irritation dermatitis and sensitization dermatitis. 

Treatment of psoriasis should be limited to once-daily application not to exceed 20% of total body surface area. Adverse local effects include a burning or stinging sensation (sensory irritation) and peeling, erythema, and localized edema of the skin (irritant dermatitis). Potentiation of photosensitizing medication may occur, and patients should be cautioned to minimize sunlight exposure and to use sunscreens and protective clothing. 

Phenol causes irritation, dermatitis, central nervous system effects and liver and... 

Goh CL. 1985. Irritant dermatitis from tri-n-butyl tin oxide in paint. Contact Dermatitis 12 161-163. 

Irritant dermatitis does not involve an immune response and is typically caused by contact with corrosive substances that exhibit extremes of pH, oxidizing capability, dehydrating action, or tendency to dissolve skin lipids. In extreme cases of exposure, skin cells are destroyed and a permanent scar results. This condition is known as a chemical burn. Exposure to concentrated sulfuric acid, which exhibits extreme acidity, or to concentrated nitric acid, which denatures skin protein, can cause bad chemical bums. The strong oxidant action of 30% hydrogen peroxide likewise causes a chemical bum. Other chemicals causing chemical bums include ammonia, quicklime (CaO), chlorine, ethylene oxide, hydrogen halides, methyl bromide, nitrogen oxides, elemental white phosporous, phenol, alkali metal hydroxides (NaOH, KOH), and toluene diisocyanate. 

Moisturizers are commonly used to treat both healthy and diseased skin, and therefore bridge the gap between medication and consumer good. Dermatologists routinely recommend them. They are used as prevention of irritant dermatitis, to treat minor skin complaints and as adjuvant therapy in combination with topically applied drugs. This suggests that they are useful in a medical/biological... 

Charbonnier, V., Morrison, B.M., Paye, M., and Maibach, H.I. Open application assay in investigation of subclinical irritant dermatitis induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in man advantage of squamometry. Skin Res. Technol. 4, 244-250 (1998). 

The SLS is frequently used to induce experimental irritant dermatitis. The reaction is characterized by erythema, increased TEWL, and scaliness. Susceptibility to SLS irritation can be used as an assay for the prevention of irritant reaction by moisturizers.23-25... 

A vast number of different protocols for the induction of SLS irritancy can be found in the literature.26 Concentrations spanning several order of magnitude have been used for single or multiple applications with exposure times ranging from minutes to days. In order to show the efficacy of moisturizers to prevent SLS irritation low concentrations should be used. With higher concentrations the individual differences between subjects tend to increase. The prevention of irritant dermatitis from a strong insult with high concentrations of SLS is probably beyond the capacity of bland moisturizers and more the domain of barrier creams. 

Facial moisturizers frequently produce burning, stinging, itching, and suberythematous irritant dermatitis. Rates occasionally proximate 20%. The subjective symptoms are generally described by consumers as sensitive skin. ... 

Another factor to consider is that patients with endogenous skin disease are frequently more susceptible to cosmetic reactions. One reason is that patients with preexisting skin disease may have skin barrier dysfunction, with consequent increased permeability. Skin hyper-reactivity in atopic patients, particularly, has been gathering interest in recent years. Epidemiologic associations between atopic dermatitis and irritant dermatitis are now supported by skin bioengineering data.25... 

Herbicides, or weed killers, may be classified as pesticide chemicals. They can kill plants on contact, or they can be translocated (i.e absorbed by one part of the plant and carried to other parts where they exert their primary toxic effect). Most commonly used herbicides have a low toxicity and have caused few adverse effects in users. Some herbicides pose more serious problems to the central nervous system (CNS) and can cause depression. The skin absorption of herbicides also may cause skin irritation, dermatitis, and photosensitization in addition to peripheral motor neuropathies. 

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