Secondary infection

RA alone leads to changes in cellular immunity and causes a disproportionate increase in pulmonary infection and sepsis.11 Because medications that alter the immune system are linked to an increased risk of infection, it is difficult to distinguish between an increased risk of infection secondary to RA and the medications used to treat RA. Patients and clinicians must pay close attention to signs and symptoms of infection because of this increased risk.11... 

Speciai risk Exercise caution when considering tigecycline monotherapy in patients with complicated intraabdominal infections secondary to clinically apparent intestinal perforation. 

Midline nasal and hard palate destruction have been reported in two chronic users of intranasal cocaine (118). The pathophysiology of these lesions is multifactorial, including ischemia secondary to vasoconstriction, chemical irritation from adulterants, impaired mucociliary transport, reduced immunity, and infection secondary to trauma. 

C Treatment for catheter-related infections is often initiated empirically, with definitive therapy based on culture results and susceptibility. Dialysis catheters are usually permanently inserted lines, and patients on chronic hemodialysis are at higher risk for developing catheter-related infections secondary to staphylococcal species, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci. Oral vancomycin is not appropriate because it does not achieve adequate blood levels to treat systemic infections. 

Maggie had heard of peroxide therapy. The renowned Dr. Carl Rosenow of the Mayo Clinic had treated her sister with peroxide for infection secondary to cystic fibrosis many years ago. 

Although we include clozapine as a newer atypical antipsychotic medication, it does have a long history and in some texts may be listed as a traditional antipsychotic. Known by the brand name Clozaril, clozapine was originally synthesized in 1957 and in 1960 was one of the first antipsychotics released on the European market (Hippius, 1989). It was believed to be more successful than the typical antipsychotics because it did not seem to have the same negative side-effect profiles. Years later, eight documented cases of death were attributed to infections secondary to clozapine-induced agranulocytosis, and the product was withdrawn from unrestricted use (Davis Casper, 1977). Based on later studies that supported the success of clozapine with strict monitoring for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, the FDA approved it in 1990 (Barnes McEv-edy, 1996). 

This antibiotic ointment is used to prevent an eye infection secondary to the mother having a sexually transmitted disease. It is administered to all newborns within 1 hour of birth. 

Preparation of chloroplasts from healthy and infected secondary leaves was carried out following (5). 

Grigg K, Wilhelm G (1953) Epidemiological study of plantar warts among school children. Public Health Rep 68 985-988 Halow KD, Harner RC, Fontenelle LJ (1996) Primary skin infections secondary to Vibrio vulnificus the role of operative intervention. J Am Coll Surg 183 329-334 Harris H (1992) Acne keloidalis aggravated by football helmets. Cutis 50 154... 

It has been difficult to study in vivo the onset of deficiency signs in various organ systems because animals frequently succumb to infection secondary to the deficiency before signs appear. Among conventionally reared survivors, it is often difficult to separate the secondary physical signs of deterioration, such as the effects of infection, from those of vitamin A deficiency per se (Beaver, 1961). It is important to ascertain these differences in order to establish the quantitative and qualitative dietary requirement for various vitamin A-active substances for the prevention of specific deficiency signs. 

On rare occasions in children, nosocomial pneumonias may occur as a result of metastatic infection secondary to a bacteremia or fungemia, or primary infection at some distant site, or from contiguous spread. Respiratory tract symptoms, such as tachypnea and increasing oxygen requirements with or without roentgenogram evidence of pneumonia, are common in infants with fungemia resulting from Malassezia furfur. (49). 

Secondary immunodeficiencies (9) are much more common than primary ones and frequently occur as a result of immaturity of the immune system in premature infants, immunosuppressive therapy, or surgery and trauma. Illnesses, particularly when prolonged and serious, have been associated with secondary immunodeficiencies, some of which may be reversible. Acquked immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (10—12) may be considered a secondary immunodeficiency disease caused by the human immunodeficiency vimses HIV-1 or HIV-2. Hitherto unknown, the disease began to spread in the United States during the latter part of the 1970s. The agent responsible for this infection has been isolated and identified as a retrovims. 

The pathogenesis of AIDS (10,12,13) following HIV infection may be separated into primary and secondary effects. The primary effects are (/) quantitative and quahtative decreases in infected cells, ie, the T-lymphocytes (2) impaked cellular immunity (J) impaked immune surveillance and... 

Frequendy, the treatment of helminthic diseases requites adjunct medication. Allergic reactions are commonly seen as a result of tissue invasion by worms or as a consequence of anthelmintic therapy. Antihistamines and corticosteroids may be necessary adjuncts to therapy. Anemia, indigestion, and secondary bacterial infections can also occur and may requite concomitant therapy with hematopoietic drugs and appropriate antibiotics. 

Inhalation of 3,000 ppm benzene can be tolerated for 0.5—1 h 7,500 ppm causes toxic effects in 0.5—1 h and 20,000 ppm is fatal in 5—10 min (123). The lethal oral dose for an adult is approximately 15 mL (124). Repeated skin contact is reported to cause drying, defatting, dermatitis, and the risk of secondary infection if fissuring occurs. 

Occasional brief contacts of Hquid carbon tetrachloride with unbroken skin do not produce irritation, though the skin may feel dry because of removal of natural oils. Prolonged and repeated contacts may cause dermatitis, cracking of the skin, and danger of secondary infection. Carbon tetrachloride is apparenfly absorbed through the skin but at such a slow rate that there is no significant hazard of systemic poisoning in normal industrial operations. 

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